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MCDB 1B > Plant Physiology > Flashcards

Plant Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Differences b/w plant cell and animal cell?

A

plants: rigid cell wall (cellulose), chloroplast and mitochondria (ATP), large central vacuole
animal: no cell wall, irregular shape, mitochondria (ATP)

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2
Q

plasmodesmata

A

links cytosols of plant cells together, symplastic pathway, like a giant gap junction (viruses can move through)

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3
Q

central vacuole

A

storage/rigidity

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4
Q

chloroplast

A

light harvesting organelle, photosynthesis

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5
Q

primary cell wall

A

mostly carbs and some protein (polysaccharides>cellulose>protein), hydrophilic from OH groups (allows for stacked polymers), outer most cell wall layer

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6
Q

middle lamella

A

like grout b/w plant cells, outside primary cell wall

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7
Q

cellulose microfibril structure

A

composed of 30-250 linear molecules H bonded together, stacked

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8
Q

cell walls + growth

A

constrict growth, elongation require turgor pressure (water into vacuole), expansion perpendicular to cellulose micro fibrils, older micro fibrils shift in position (cross hatch)

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9
Q

secondary cell wall

A

when cell is done growing, tougher/hydrophobic, regular array of cellulose, impregnated w lignin

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10
Q

three paths of movement

A

symplastic (inside cytosol), apoplastic (space outside PM), and transmembrane pathways

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11
Q

2 major organ systems in plants

A

shoot system and root system

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12
Q

node

A

where branches grow

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13
Q

internode

A

space in between branches

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14
Q

3 tissue types

A

dermal (outer protective), ground (storage, photosynthesis, support), vascular (transport of materials, xylem and phloem)

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15
Q

primary growth

A

vertical, apical/root meristems

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16
Q

secondary growth

A

horizontally, lateral meristems

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17
Q

meristems

A

localized regions of undifferentiated cells

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18
Q

plants and stem cells

A

nearly all live plants act like animal “stem cells”, totipotent

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19
Q

flowering plants (dicots vs monocots)

A

monocots: one leaf, ring of root xylem and ploem, circular vascular bundles in stem, parallel leaf veins, petals in multiples of 3
dicots: two leaves, root phloem/xylem in star, triangle of vascular bundle in stem form ring, net leaf veins, petals in 4 or 5

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20
Q

water potential

A

water potential= solute potential + pressure potential

21
Q

pressure potential

A

+ or -

+=cell turgor pushes out on cell wall

22
Q

solute potential

A

= -RT[solute]

always negative, as [solute] increases the solute potential becomes more negative, water follows solute

23
Q

cell turgor

A

positive pressure, caused by osmotic flow of water into a solute-filled cell

24
Q

hypertonic solution

A

water leaves cell

25
Q

isotonic solution

A

water leaves and enters at same rate

26
Q

hypotonic

A

water enters cell

27
Q

water movement across plant plasma membrane

A

via aquaporins

28
Q

water/ion uptake in roots

A

epithelial cell root hairs increase surface area for absorption, travel through symplast/apoplast until they reach endodermis/casparian strip where apoplastic must enter the symplast

29
Q

casparian strip

A

waxy, prevents apoplastic movement, selective uptake of minerals (against gradient, electrochemical gradient

30
Q

“transpiration-Tension-cohesion mechanism”

A

movement of water up a plant through xylem

31
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water out stomata

32
Q

tension

A

water evaporating produces tension (- pressure), sucking straw

33
Q

cohesion

A

waters polar natural, water column sticks together

34
Q

xylem cell

A

tracheids and vessel elements, dead/hollow cells, pits=cavities in secondary cell wall allow movement, secondary cell wall maintains structure

35
Q

how do plants regulate transpiration stream

A

alter xylem width: diameter of pit micro channels altered by salt (K+) which is regulated by plant, increased K+ increases transpiration stream
alter stomatal aperture: guard cells (stoma) regulated by light/low CO2 which open them, high CO2 of lack of water which close them, adding K+ opens stoma

36
Q

nutrients from soil/air

A

soil: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc ( structural, catalytic signaling, ion balance)
air: all carbon from air

37
Q

action potential in plants

A

membrane potential=charge difference inside/outside cell, pump H outside cell creates - resting potential, uptake of K reduces negative charge, depolarization (cells become negative)=info transmission
venus fly trap/protective responses

38
Q

roles for phloem

A

carry photosynthates from source to sink

39
Q

cellular respiration

A

combust glucose to make co2 water and ATP

40
Q

phloem cell

A

alive, outside VC, translocation of sugar, sieve tube elements connected by plasmodesmata, absent of organelles and kept alive by companion cells

41
Q

pressure flow model

A

movement of sap relies on pressure not total water potential, bidirectional, positive pressure

42
Q

phloem loading

A

symplastic: flow from mesophyll to phloem through plasmodesmata
apoplastic: active transport using proton pump and SWEET

43
Q

photosynthesis

A

convert light energy to chemical energy , supports all life (except hydrothermal vents), algae = 50-60%, co2 water and light make sugar water and oxygen
3 reqs: light, pigment to absorb light energy, co2 to fix into sugars (reduction)
occurs in leaves: chloroplasts of mesophyll cells

44
Q

chloroplast structure

A

thylakoids in stack=grana ( light reactions)

stroma = cytosol of chloroplast (dark reactions / calvin cycle

45
Q

chloroplast vs mitochondria

A 
mitochondria= catabolism, ATP produced (e trans chain and h gradient), double membrane, NADH, ATP for cellular purposes, plant and animal cells have mitochondria 
chloroplast = anabolism, ATP produced (e trans chain and h gradient), double membrane, NADPH, ATP used only for sugar
46
Q

goal of light reactions

A

ATP and NADPH (energy and reducing power) for dark reaction building sugars

47
Q

light energy

A

electromagnetic energy, unit = photon, inversely proportional to wavelength, can raise electron to higher energy, red and blue/violet are best

48
Q

chloroplast pigments

A

Absorb red and blue light (look green)

49
Q

carotenoids

A

accessory pigments

MCDB 1B (1 decks)

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