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Biology Term 3 2021 > Plant Organs > Flashcards

Plant Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 6 important functions of stems

A
  • mechanical support
  • bear leaves - photosynthesis
  • flowers - pollination
  • distribution of fruit
  • transport of water & dissolved salts
  • distribute organic food
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2
Q

what is primary growing

A

stems grow longer in the apical growing tips of stems

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3
Q

what is secondary growth

&

where does it occur

A
  • becomes thicker
  • develop more tissues for:
    • strengthening & support
    • transport & metabolic activity
  • occurs in the cambium
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4
Q

what are lenticles

A

small wart-like spots
young stems of perennial plants ( trees)
GASEOUS EXCHANGE

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5
Q

medulla & medulla rays

A
  • found between vascular bundles
  • mainly consist of parenchyma
  • stores food
  • forms ventilation tissue in some plants
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6
Q

central cylinder

A

• contains vascular tissue

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7
Q

what is the layer of cambium between xylem and phloem known as

A

vascular or fascicular cambium

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8
Q

explain the sclerenchyma in/around the vascular bundles

A
  • sclerenchyma on outside for protection

* occurs in strands : sclerenchyma cap / pericycle cap

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9
Q

Describe in full the epidermis

A
  • covered in a waxy cuticle

* differentiate into guard cells, stomata, trichomes

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10
Q

Name the functions of the epidermis

A
  • protects underlying layers
  • prevents excessive loss of water through evaporation
  • allows gaseous exchange for respiration & photosynthesis
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11
Q

what is the inner layer of the cortex called

A

starch sheath

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12
Q

what is the function of the cortex

A 
produces food ( young ) 
stores food ( older )
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13
Q

what 2 ground tissues protect and strengthen the stem

A
  • collenchyma

* sclerenchyma

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14
Q

why do dicot stems have “open” vascular bundles

A
  • it had cambium

* secondary growth can take place

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15
Q

explain in full detail the specific pattern of secondary growth

A
  • parenchyma in medulla rays become secondarily meristemic & form strip of cambium -> INTERFASCICULAR CAMBIUM
  • fascicular & interfascicular form CAMBIUM RING
  • cambium ring now forms secondary xylem on inside & secondary phloem on outside
  • OG xylem & phloem are pushed outta the way and later found part of medulla & bark
  • xylem cylinder becomes thicker & cambium ring becomes wider & phloem ring also wider
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16
Q

what can the annual rings tell us about the plant?

A
  • the age of the tree

* the weather

17
Q

describe the development of bark

A
  1. cork cambium develops below the epidermis of stem when parenchyma cells of cortex become secondarily meristematic
  2. cork cambium produces cork cells to the outside
18
Q

what is cork cambium impregnated with

A

suberin

19
Q

what are the functions of cork

A
  • waterproof
  • protect against water loss
  • protect against mechanical injury
20
Q

name 6 xylem characteristics that aid in supporting & strengthening plants

A
  • thickened cell walls
  • strengthened by lignin
  • cellulose fibres in cell walls arranged in a way that lends support & elasticity
  • rounded in cross section
  • strengthened by thickenings
  • xylem is a solid cylinder
  • xylem has a degree of elasticity
21
Q

name 4 reasons why water is important for plants

A
  • large plant body consists of water
  • water is universal solvent
  • important for transport of substances
  • takes part in chemical reactions -> photosynthesis
22
Q

what’s transpiration

A

water evaporates from aerial parts of the plant

23
Q

how does the stomata open & close

A
  • mainly based of the water potential of the guard cells
  • guard cells turgid: pore open
  • guard cells flaccid: result of exosmosis pore closes
24
Q

what are the 3 types of transpiration

A

• stomatal transpiration
- evap from intercellular air spaces thro stomata

• cuticular transpiration
- evap ( v small amount ) from epidermal cells through cuticle

• lenticular transpiration
- evap ( small amount ) from air spaces by means of lenticle

25
Q

what is guttation and when does it happen ( conditions ) and how does it work

A

loss of water in liquid form from the leaves on a plant

during night when environmental temp is high & soil moist

water forced through openings the hydatodes

26
Q

name 3 environmental factors that influence rate of transpiration

A
  • light intensity ( stomata usually open during the day ) - evap increase
  • environmental temperature is high - evap increase
  • wind ; blows over aerial parts keeping water potential of surrounding air low - evap faster
27
Q

COMPARISON TABLE BETWEEN GUTTATION & TRANSPIRATION

A

117

28
Q

how is the leaf adapted for the process of photosynthesis

A
  • leaf is flattened to offer large surface area
  • leaf is thin
  • epidermal cells are transparent
  • vascular bundles form network through the leaf
  • stomata on leaves - gaseous exchange
  • palisade parenchyma ; chloroplasts, elongated, densely packed
  • spongy parenchyma loosely packed -> gaseous exchange
29
Q

what are the 2 types of root systems? describe where they are found

A
  • tap root system : found in dicots & gymnosperms

* adventitious root system: found in monocots

30
Q

Describe the 3 different types of roots

A

tap: embryonic radicle that grows and develops ( primary root )
adventitious: any root that grows from any other plant organ except from another root

lateral root: develops from another root; branch ( secondary root )

31
Q

name 5 external regions that can be identified in a mature root

A
  • apical meristem
  • root cap
  • area of elongation
  • root hair region
  • permanent region
32
Q

name 3 things the pericycle can form into

and not

A
  • lateral roots
  • vascular cambium
  • cork cambium

in roots don’t undergo secondary thickening; pericycle turned into sclerenchyma

33
Q

how can we identify xylem in a young root

A

cross or 5 pointed star

34
Q

what is the endodermis?

A

later of cells that controls the passage of water to the center cylinder

35
Q

what are casperian bands

A
  • rings made of suberin

* direct the movement of water from cortex to central cylinder

36
Q

name 2 dermal tissues that protect and cover the plant

A
  • epidermis

* periderm

37
Q

what is the difference between herbaceous stems and woody stems

A

herbaceous: covered by one layer of epidermis cells
woody: have the same but then tears and replaced by the periderm which forms part of the bark

38
Q

describe the cells of the epidermis

A
  • brick shaped
  • variety of shapes
  • don’t contain chloroplasts & transparent
  • guard cells have chloroplasts
  • covered in waxy layer called cuticle
  • trichomes

Biology Term 3 2021 (1 decks)

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