Plant Nutrition Flashcards
What is photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make carbohydrate as food.
How is the carbohydrate stored?
It is stored on the form of starch
What is starch?
Starch is a store of energy.
What kind if biological molecule is starch?
A carbohydrate
What is the physical form of starch?
Colourless grains
Where are the colourless grains of starch stored in the leaf?
In the cytoplasm, in the palisade and spongy mesophyll cells/layers
How do you test for starch?
Iodine test [with iodine solution]
What is the first step in testing for starch?
Boil a beaker of water then turn off the heat source
What is the second step when testing for starch?
The leaf is held in a pair of forceps and dipped in the hot water for abt 30 secs.
Why do you have to dip the leaf in hot water for 30 secs [starch test]
This kills the cells and prevents any further reactions taking place in them. Also makes it easier for the iodine solution to enter the cells.
What is the third step in testing for starch?
The is then placed in the bottom of a test tube and covered with ethanol.
What is the 4th step in testing for starch?
The test tube is placed in the beaker of hot water.
What happens after placing the test tube in the beaker of hot water?
Alcohol has a boiling that is below that of the how water and as it boils it dissolves most of the chlorophyll in the cells and makes starch grains easier to see when they are stained in iodine
What is the positive colour of a starch test?
Blue/black
What is the negative colour of a starch test?
Dark brown
What is the last step of the starch test?
The alcohol is the test tube is removed and the leaf is boiled again and is spread out on a white tile and iodine is dropped on the leaf
How is the condition leaf after it has been boiled [starch test]
It is brittle
What is a plant from which starch has been removed?
A destarched plant
How is a plant destarched?
By putting it in a dark place eg a cupboard
How many days does it take for a plant to be destarched?
2 or 3 days
Where is water drawn from in the plant?
The roots
What do you need to you test for Carbon dioxide in starch productiction
2 destarched plants with a dish of soda lime and sodium Hydrogencarbonate solution
What does soda lime do?
It absorbs carbon dioxide form the air.
What does sodium Hydrogencarbonate do?
It releases carbon dioxide onto the air.(enriches the air with CO²)
How does the carbon dioxide starch solution rest take place.
- Plants are set up in sunny place and left for few hours.
2.each leaf from the plant is test for starch - The leaf form the plant with soda lime which doesn’t contain carbon dioxide doesn’t contain starch.
- The leaf from the plant with sodium hydrogencarbonate solution containing CO² contains starch.
- This shows that carbon dioxide is needed for starch production.
What is the word equation of starch
Water + carbon dioxide –> carbohydrate(starch)
What are the factors needed for photosynthesis?
Light
Water
Carbon dioxide
Chlorophyll
How do you test for light in starch production
- A destarched plant is needed and one leaf is covered in opaque aluminum foil the other in transparent plastic
2.plant is left for few hours is sunny place and the covers are removed.
- Leaf covered in aluminum does not contain starch but the leaf is transparent plastic does contain starch.
4.this shows light is needed for starch production.
What is the word equation for photosynthesis?
Light
Water+carbon dioxide ————–>
Chlorophyll
Carbohydrate+oxygen
How do you test for starch in chlorophyll in leaves?
- A variegated plant is destarched and placed in the light for over four hours.
- Leaf is removed and tested with iodine solution.
- The green parts where chlorophyll is present turn blue/black WHILE the white parts don’t turn blue black
4.this shows chlorophyll is needed for starch production
How does the Canadian pond weed experiment work?
- Two apparatus. One I’m Sunlight and one in the dark.
- After about one week the amount of gas collected in each test tube is examined.
- The plants in the dark have not produced gas BUT the plants inthe light have produced oxygen.
What is nitrogen needed for in leaves?
For the development of leaves.
What happens if a plant does not have nitrogen?
The leaves turn yellow and the plant shows poor growth.
How does nitrogen relate to chlorophyll?
Nitrogen is needed for making the green pigment chlorophyll and for making proteins that form part of the structure of the plant.
Phosphorus is needed for the development of..
The roots
What happens if a plant does not have phosphorus?
The plant shows poor growth.
What does phosphorus help with in the plant?
Phosphates are needed to help plants make food by photosynthesis and to respire
Potassium is needed for the development of…
Flowers and fruits
What does the plant show if potassium is absent
The leaves become yellow and grow abnormally
What does potassium help with in the plant?
Potassium helps the plant make chlorophyll and proteins forming part of the structure of the plant
What happens when bacteria feeds on minerals
The mineral salts are released back into soil
How else are minera salts released back into the soil apart from bacteria
- When plants and animals die
- When decomposers break down their bodies.
What does biodegradable waste mean?
Thus means they can be broken down into simple substances that can be used to make new living organisms.
When animals eat plants they take in..
Minerals in the plant tissues and are used in the body
What is nutrition?
Taking in useful substances
Animals are not able to make organic substances but the must take them in as nutrients when they…
Feed
Which living organism makes organic substances
Plants
What is Photosynthesis[F4 IG BOOK]
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants synthesize carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light.
Chlorophyll is able to capture…
Energy from sunlight and immediately passes the energy on to water and CO² MOLECULES
What is the formula chemical equation (BALANCED) of photosynthesis?
6CO²+6H²O——>C⁶H¹²O⁶ +6O²
Where is oxygen released in photosynthesis?
Into the air (or into the water if the plant is aquatic)
Plants store glucose by turning it into…
Starch
Are starch molecules soluble in water
No
Glucose is made in what part of the plant
In parts that contsin chloropyll (The leaves)
Plants do not actually transport glucose they first change it to
Sucrose (in phloem tubes)
When sucrose reaches its destination it can be changed back to…
Glucose
(used in respiration to release energy)
Sucrose (a sugar) molecules are made of
Glucose and fructose linked together
What does a plant s need to build a cell wall
Cellulose
How is cellulose made?
Made by linking glucose molecules in long chains which stay straight instead of coiling up like starch
Amino acids are used to make what biological molecules?
Proteins (for growth)
Nitrogen in the soil comes in the form of..
Nitrate ions
(Ions taken in by active transport, transported to all part of the plant)
If a plant cannot get enough nitrate ions it will..(F4 IG BOOK)
Not be able to synthesize proteins effectively, and so will not grow quickly or strongly
What happens if a plant has no chloropyll (F4 IG BOOK)
Plants leaves will look yellow and will not be able to photosynthesis well therefore will not grow well
Where does photosynthesis happen inside the leaf?
In the chloroplasts
What is found in chloroplasts
Chlorophyll
The raw material(need to make products) ls for photosynthesis are..
Water and carbon dioxide
What are advantages that allow the leaf to photosynthesize easily?
- Large surface area of the League allows for large amounts if sunlight to fall onto the leaf.
b) it also increases the rate at which CO² diffuses into the leaf from the air.
- The leaf is very this to allow sunlight to pass right through the leaf , allowing many cells inside it to photosynthesise.
b) the thinness also allows CO² to reach all the cells quite easily through diffussion.
