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Biology > Plant nutrition > Flashcards

Plant nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Autotrophs

A
  • Organisms that make complex organic molecules from inorganic raw materials
  • Photo-autotrophs use light energy for this process
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2
Q

Heterotrophs

A
  • Organisms that ingests or absorbs carbon produced by other organisms
  • Most animals obtain nutrients by eating plants or other animals
  • Most fungi and bacteria break down and extract nutrients form the remains of dead organisms and organic wastes
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3
Q

Def + Explain : Photosynthesis + Glucose

A

Photosynthesis converts light energy from the sun to chemical energy which is stored in glucose

Photosynthesis produces oxygen into the air for aerobic respiration by all living things.

Glucose is used to make all other biomolecules such as starch , cellulose , glycogen and etc

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4
Q

What does photosynthesis have to do with food Chains ?

A

When an animal consumes another animal or plant , the sun’s energy is passed from one organism to another by a food chain , this sustains all life on earth

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5
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

6co2 + h20 —— Light +Chlorophyll —–> c6h12o6 + 6o2

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6
Q

Factors for photosynthesis

A

Carbon Dioxide , Light intensity, temperature affects photosynthesis - Water is negligible

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7
Q

Light dependent Stage

A
  • Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy .
  • Light energy splits water molecules into hydrogen atoms and oxygen
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8
Q

Light Independent Stage :

A
  • Hydrogen is used to reduce carbon dioxide to from 6 carbon sugars
  • Energy for the reactions comes from the light dependent stage
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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Xylem and Pholem

A

Xylem → Transports water and mineral salts to mesophyll cells. Phloem → Transports sucrose away from the leaf

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10
Q

Petiole

A

Holds leaf away from the stem to capture the maximum amount of light energy

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11
Q

Large flat surface of lamina + Benefit

A

Large surface area captures maximum amount of light energy

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12
Q

Thin Lamina

A

Allows Carbon dioxide to diffuse to inner mesophyll cells rapidly and allows light to reach all mesophyll cells rapidly

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13
Q

All mesophyll cells have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll , what does chlorophyll do and what is it made up of

A

Chlorophyll aids in photosynthesis + Magnesium

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14
Q

Interconnected air spaces in the spongy mesophyll layer

A

Allows CO2 to diffuse to inner mesophyll cells rapidly and rapid gas exchange

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15
Q

More Stomata present in lower epidermis

A

Allows CO2 to diffuse in and O2 to diffuse out of the leaf

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16
Q

What are the veins in plants and how do they efficiently work ?

A

There are net-like vein branching to ensure that all the cells are in close proximity to the phylum/xylem to receive water/sugar

Phloem and xylem are grouped together in the vascular bundle , where the pholem is the outer , while xylem is in the inner

17
Q

Describe the Upper Epidermis along with its cells

A
  • Outermost layer of cells on upper and lower surface of a leaf
  • Single layer and closely packed
  • Epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts , they only contain guard cells and allows sunlight to reach the mesophyll cells below
  • Secretes waxy and waterproof cuticles , that is transparent and allows light to pass through , which reduces water loss through evaporation which prevents the entry of microorganisms
18
Q

Why does upper epidermis has less stomata

A

Because the upper leaf surface is in direct contact with sunlight , thus increasing the rate of rate of water loss

19
Q

Describe the Palisade mesophyll cells

A

are elongated and closely packed , they contain many chloroplasts which help with 80% of photosynthesis

20
Q

Describe the Spongy mesophyll Cells

A
  • Irregular shapes that are loosely packed , which contain fewer chloroplasts than the palisade mesophyll cells
  • Many intercellular air spaces to allow gaseous exchange
21
Q

Describe the Stomata , Guard cells and the opening / closing of the stomata

A
  • The stomata are openings present in the leaf epidermis .
  • Each stomatal pore is surrounded by a pair of guard cells , which are bean shaped epidermal cells , which contain chloroplasts .
  • Guard cells have a thicker cell wall on the side facing the stomatal pore , that part is less elastic due to its thickness and thus the cell bends outwards when turgid .
  • Water enters the cell by osmosis due to the water potential gradient from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
  • Carbon dioxide , oxygen and water vapor are exchanged through the stomata
  • There are more stomata on the underside to prevent water loss
22
Q

Describe the Entry of Carbon dioxide into the leaf

A
  • CO2 concentration in the leaf becomes lower than in the atmospheric air , hence a diffusion gradient is established .
  • CO2 is then diffused through the stomata into the system of air spaces in the leaf , then it dissolves in thin film of water on the surface of the mesophyll cells .
  • Dissolved CO2 then diffuses into the cells
23
Q

Fate of Glucose formed during Photosynthesis

A
  1. Used immediately by plant cells for cellular respiration to form cellulose cells walls
  2. In daylight excess glucose is converted into starch for temporary storage in the leaf , in darkness photosynthesis stops and starch is converted by enzymes back into glucose
  3. Excess glucose is converted into sucrose and is transported to other parts of the plant or to storage organs , where sucrose is converted to starch or other forms of storage compounds which are converted back to glucoses as required
  4. Used to form amino acids and proteins , where glucose reacts with nitrates to form amino acids in the leaf , which are combined to form proteins that make up new protoplasm in the leaf and excess amino acids are transported to other parts of the plant for synthesis of new protoplasm or for storage as proteins
  5. Used to form fats for storage to be used in cellular respiration for the synthesis of new protoplasm , lipids are used to form the cell membrane
24
Q

Concentration of Gases @ Night in the intercellular air spaces

A

High Water vapor , High co2 ( As it released through respiration ) Low O2 ( As it is used for respiration from the atmosphere into the air spaces

25
Q

Concentration of Gases @ day in the intercellular air spaces

A

High Water vapor , High O2 as it is released during photosynthesis , Low Co2 as it is diffusing into the cells

26
Q

How are amino Acids formed

A

The Glucose reacts with the nitrates from the soil

27
Q

what is Protoplasm

A

Protoplasm refers to every in the cell , HENCE CELL WALL IS NOT PROTOPLASAM

28
Q

What is done to produce cellulose for the cell wall

A

Cellular Respiration

29
Q

What is the purpose of Boiling the leaf in Hot water ?

When there is boiling why are there bubbles from the leaf?

A

Boiling the leaf softens the waxy cuticle and the cell wall and breaks down the cell membrane so that ethanol can access the chloroplasts and that starch can be accessed by iodine
- The bubbles seen on the underside of the leaf are the air indie the intercellular air spaces , expanding and escaping

30
Q

What is the purpose of placing the Leaf in ethanol

A

The ethanol removes the chloroplasts and makes the color change during the iodine test more visible
Ethanol also dissolves the waxy cuticle allowing the iodine to enter , it also replaces the water in the cell making the leaf brittle

31
Q

Why is the ethanol placed in the water bath

A

Ethanol is highly flammable and placing it under direct heating may cause it to catch fire

32
Q

What enzyme is used to digest starch into maltose in plants

A

Diastase

33
Q

What does sodium hydrogen carbonate solution do

A

Increases CO2 CONCENTRATION

34
Q

What does potassium hydroxide solution do

A

Removed co2

35
Q

Before conduction a starch experiment what must be done ?

A

Destarching , keep the plant in a dark room for 1-2 days as the plant would have converted the starch stored into glucose and used it for cellular respiration

Biology (2 decks)

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