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Bio 100 Midterms > Plant Morphology > Flashcards

Plant Morphology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The cotyledons serve as sole food storage organs.

A

Non-endospermic seeds:

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2
Q

is a small embryonic root.

A

radicle

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3
Q

Specialized functions of the root

A

Support, Protection, Reproduction, Storage, Photosynthesis, and Aeration (Pneumatophores)

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4
Q

The process by which two gametes
fuse to become a zygote, which
develops into a new organism.

A

fertilization

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5
Q

The main components of the embryo are:

A
  1. Cotyledons - the seed leaves
  2. Epicotyl
  3. Plumule
  4. Hypocotyl
  5. radicle
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6
Q

pollens that have a lightweight, small,
and smooth (corn pollen)
pollen

A

Wind-pollinated

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7
Q

Complex patterned flowers

A

compound

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8
Q

Difference between the vascular tissues of Monocot and Dicot roots

A

Monocot forms rings while Dicot forms X

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9
Q

Inflorescence can be:

A

indeterminate inflorescence and determinate inflorescence

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10
Q

Pollen from the anther of one plant is transferred
to the stigma of a different plant.

A

Cross Pollination

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11
Q

Where do leaves develop

A

nodes

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12
Q

with wing-like outgrowths of the pericarp

A

Samara

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13
Q

The essential parts of a flower can be considered
in to two

A

Vegetative (consisting of petals and associated
structures in the perianth) and Reproductive (sexual parts)

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14
Q

the transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma

A

pollination

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15
Q

a one-seeded fruit with a hard or stony pericarp,
sometimes, with the envolucral cup, as in acorns,
enclosing the stony pericarp

A

nut

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16
Q

Fruit Function:

A

it protects the developing seeds and plays an important role in seed dispersal

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17
Q

characteristic of the Cucurbitaceae (gourd family), with a
hard exocarp and soft mesocarp and endocarp (cucumber,
squash, etc.)

A

pepo

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18
Q

Types of leaves

A

Simple and Compound

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19
Q

Single patterned flowers

A

simple

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20
Q

Why is pollination important?

A
  • Sexual reproduction is important for
    evolution.
  • Sexual reproduction produces
    variable offspring, creating diversity
    and variation among populations
    (shuffling of genes).
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21
Q

are specialized seed leaves which develop from the plumule and
occur singly in most monocot seeds but two in dicot seeds.

A

Cotyledons

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22
Q

begins when
tube begins to grow
toward the egg

A

fertilization

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23
Q

the wall of the fruit

A

pericarp

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24
Q

Parts of the stem

A

nodes, internodes, lenticels, axillary bud, terminal bud

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25
Q

fusion of likes, such as
the fusion of the petals
(sympetalous or gamopetalous) or
sepals (synsepalous).

A

connate

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26
Q

take in CO2 and release O2 during

A

Photosynthesis

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27
Q

is all of the parts that make up the male part of the flower

A

androecium

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28
Q

presence or absence of the 4 whorls of organs

A

Complete vs Incomplete Flowers

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29
Q

Factors influencing seed germination

A
  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • Temperature
  • Light
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30
Q

take in O2 and release CO2 during

A

respiration

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31
Q

characteristic of the family
Leguminosae, splits along two (the dorsal and
ventral) sutures

A

legume

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32
Q

contain a plant’s reproductive organs

A

flower

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33
Q

other name for sepals

A

calyx

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34
Q

Flowers will prevent self-
pollination by either:

A
  • having stigma above the
    stamen or by
  • having stamen and stigma
    mature at different times
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35
Q

pollens that have sticky and barbed pollen grains

A

Insect-pollinated

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36
Q

Major functions of roots

A

Anchorage and absorption

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37
Q

Types of pollinators

A

Biotic and abiotic pollinators (eg. wind and animals)

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38
Q

palisade and spongy are mesophylls for dicots, how many are there in monocots?

A

one

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39
Q

Positions of Ovary

A

Superior, Half-inferior, Inferior

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40
Q

A process that causes a seed to begin to grow into a new plant.

A

Seed germination

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41
Q

characteristic of the citrus family; a type of
berry with a thick leathery rind

A

Hesperidium

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42
Q

Purpose of primary growth

A

lengthens the shoots and roots

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43
Q

why is Self-pollination is not
desirable

A

it reduces variations

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44
Q

are derived from a single ovary of one
flower

A

simple fruits

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45
Q

Primary meristems of the root tip

A

Protoderm,
Procambium, and
Ground Meristem

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46
Q

flowers in a cluster

A

inflorescence

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47
Q

Plants with separate male flowers and female flowers on the same plant

A

Monoecious

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48
Q

is the transition zone between the rudimentary root and shoot;

A

hypocotyl

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49
Q

Parts of Compound leaves

A

leaflets, petiole, petiolule, rachis, stipules

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50
Q

Types of Inflorescence:

A

Catkin, Composite or Head (capitulum), spike, raceme (Panicle, Corymb), umbel, Cyme or dichasium, Thyrse, Spadix

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51
Q

splits along two or more sutures in a variety
of ways;

A

capsule

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52
Q

Types of leaf attachment

A

Petiolate and Sessile

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53
Q

Perfect vs Imperfect Flowers

A

flower sexuality

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54
Q

the fleshy portion is made up of either the much
thickened calyx or the hypanthium

A

pome

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55
Q

from an ovary of two carpels which at
maturity splits into three portions with the central
persistent portion containing the seeds attached
to it as in the mustard family

A

Silique

56
Q

characteristic of the Apiaceae
(Umbelliferae) or carrot family, which is derived
from two carpels that split at maturity along the
midline into two one-seeded indehiscent halves

A

Schizocarp

57
Q

Plants with perfect flowers

A

Hermaphroditic

58
Q

a single flower in a peduncle

A

solitary

59
Q

Main difference for monocot and dicot in terms of leaf structure

A

veins, monocots have parallel veins while dicots have pinnate or palmate

60
Q

Difference between the vascular tissues of Monocot and Dicot stem

A

Monocots have scattered vascular tissue, while the dicots have formed a ring

61
Q

Types of leaf arrangement or phyllotaxy

A

alternate, opposite, whorled, distichous, decussate

62
Q

Secondary growth parts from outer to inner parts

A

Periderm, Cork Cambium, Cortex, Primary Phloem, Secondary Phloem, Vascular Cambium, Secondary Xylem, Primary Xylem, Pith

63
Q

A typical seed includes four basic parts:

A

1- Ovule
2- Seed coat
3- Endosperm
4- Embryo

64
Q

Pollen from the anther is
transferred to the stigma of
the same flower.

A

Self-pollination

65
Q

Purpose of secondary growth

A

adds girth to stem and roots

66
Q

other name for petals

A

corolla

67
Q

The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

A

Leaf

68
Q

with the whole pericarp fleshy; the
seeds usually embedded in the pulp

A

Berry or baccate fruit

69
Q

The growing tip of the epicotyl is the

A

plumule

70
Q

a one-seeded fruit with the pericarp closely
appressed with the seed coat

A

Achene

71
Q

is the tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering
plants around the time of fertilization.
– It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form
of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein.
– It forms a supply of nutrients for the embryo in most monocotyledons
and the endospermic dicotyledons.

A

Endosperm

72
Q

is a tiny shoot from which the entire plant shoot system develops.

A

Epicotyl

73
Q

Plants with only male flowers

A

Andromonoecious

74
Q

What parts are the bark

A

secondary phloem outwards

75
Q

are found only in the angiosperms.

A

fruit

76
Q

The ovary becomes a ____
while the ovules develop into ____

A

fruit, seeds

77
Q

is all of the parts that make up the female part of the flower

A

Gynoecium

78
Q

Described as the central axis

A

Stem

79
Q

Cell regions of the root

A

Zone of Maturation
Zone of Elongation
Zone of Cell Division
Root cap

80
Q

with the pericarp fused with the
seed coat of the single seed

A

Grain or caryopsis

81
Q

Basic parts of a flower

A

Stamen (Anther and filament), Pistil (stigma, style, ovary), petals, sepals, ovule, receptacle, peduncle

82
Q

Parts of simple leaves

A

Petiole, midrib, blade, apex, lateral veins, margin, stipules

83
Q

Other term for photosynthetic roots

A

Assimilatory roots

84
Q

Types of modified stems

A

bulb, tubers, rhizomes, corms, stolon, and cladophylls

85
Q

types of modified leaves

A

tendrils, bracts, spines, storage, and reproductive

86
Q

Functions of the stem

A

Support, conduction of materials such as water and minerals, and storage

87
Q

fusion of unlike parts
such as the attachment of the stamens to the petals

A

adnate

88
Q

Plants with only female flowers

A

Gynoecious

89
Q

similar to an achene but with a loose,
bladderlike pericarp

A

Utricle

90
Q

Types of compound leaves

A

pinnately compound (odd and even), twice pinnately compound, palmately compound, trifoliate

91
Q

are formed from several ovaries
of several flowers more or less
grown together into a single mass
as in the jackfruit.

A

Multiple fruits or collective fruits

92
Q

Primary growth parts from outer to inner parts

A

Epidermis, Cortex, Primary Phloem, Primary Xylem, Pith

93
Q

This is desirable in plants as it promotes
variation.

A

Cross Pollination

94
Q

Plants with male flowers and female flowers on separate plants

A

dioecious

95
Q

are formed from the ovaries of many
pistils of one flower as in the strawberry or the sour
sop (guyabano)

A

Aggregate fruits

96
Q

regions of dividing cells of vascular cambium

A

fusiform initials and ray initials

97
Q

with a hard and stony endocarp and more or less soft
exocarp and mesocarp (e.g.: peach, coconut, etc.

A

drupe

98
Q

Other name for root cap

A

Calyptra

99
Q

Types of root systems

A

Taproot and Fibrous root systems

100
Q

Types of leaf venation

A

Parallel (for monocots), palmate, and pinnate venation

101
Q

The tiny stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence
is called a

A

pedicel

102
Q

Three Layers of Pericarp:

A
  1. Exocarp - outermost layer
  2. Mesocarp – middle layer
  3. Endocarp - inner layer (tissue)
103
Q

splits along one (ventral) suture

A

follicle

104
Q

Factors affecting Photosynthesis

A

Light (important),
CO2 availability (important),
Temperature,
water,
Nutrients,
Leaf age,
Carbohydrate Translocation.

105
Q

First stage of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent reaction

106
Q

Processes of Light dependent reaction (in order)

A

Photosystem II -> Cytochrome complex -> Photosystem I -> NADP+ reductase

107
Q

SECOND STAGE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

A

CALVIN CYCLE

108
Q

Phases of Calvin Cycle

A

Phase 1 - Carbon fixation
Phase 2 - Reduction
Phase 3 -Regeneration of CO2 Acceptor (RuBP)

109
Q

Sugar output of photosynthesis

A

G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

110
Q

Equation for Photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O + Light = CH2O + O2

111
Q

WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE

A

Carbonic Acid

112
Q

formula for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H2O + 36 ATP

113
Q

photolysis of water

A

split H and O

114
Q

the higher the rate of bubbles the higher the ____

A

rate of photosynthesis or photosynthetic activity

115
Q

_____ occurs only in photosystem I

A

Cyclic Photosynthesis

116
Q

Forms ATP without NADPH

A

Cyclic Photosynthesis

117
Q

Forms ATP with NADPH

A

Non-cyclic Photosynthesis

118
Q

Catalyzes the carboxylation or oxygelation

A

Rubisco

119
Q

the purpose for the change from glucose to sucrose

A

transport

120
Q

what type of reaction is respiration

A

exergonic reaction (gives off heat)

121
Q

transpiration : plants
_______ : animals

A

sweating or perspiration

122
Q

aerobic respiration have presence of what

A

oxygen

123
Q

4 classes of the kingdom plantae

A

Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

124
Q

Examples of Bryophytes

A

Mosses, Hornworts, Liverworts

125
Q

Examples of Pteridophytes

A

Ferns, Lycophytes, horsetails, spike mosses, club mosses

126
Q

Examples of gymnosperms

A

gnetophytes, ginkgos, conifers, cycads

127
Q

Examples of angiosperms

A

monocots, dicots, magnoliids, basal group

128
Q

fruit and seed dispersal

A
  1. by wind
  2. by water
  3. by animals
129
Q

kinds of fruit

A
  1. simple fleshy
  2. simple dry
  3. aggregate
  4. multiple
130
Q

types of simple fleshy fruits

A

pome, drupe, berry, hesperidium, pepos

131
Q

types of simple dry fruit

A

dehiscent and indehiscent

132
Q

where is the water movement in plants

A

xylem

133
Q

phases of germination

A

phase I - imbibition (water activation)
phase II - Metabolism activation
phase III - growth and cell elongation

134
Q

phases of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis at cytosol;
krebs cycle at mitochondria matrix;
electron transport system at mitochondria inner membrane

135
Q

transpiration sites/types

A
  1. lenticular (10% of all transpiration happens here)
  2. stomatal (81% of all transpiration happens here)
  3. cuticular (9% of all transpiration happens here)

Bio 100 Midterms (1 decks)

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