Plant List Flashcards
sweetgum
P1
Family: Altingiaceae
G+S: Liquidambar styraciflua
Deciduous Tree
Facts:
- Alternate leaf arrangement
- palmately lobed simple leaf
- serrate
- palmate veination
- alternate
- cork being formed on twigs (winged)
- brown fruit (resemble gum balls)
- tolerant to many diff soil types, but grows best toward more moist soils toward the bottom of the slopes of upland hardwood forest
- shade intolerant
arrowwood viburnum P1
Family: Adoxaceae
G+S: Viburnum dentatum
deciduous Shrub; grows in wet areas along streams
Facts:
- Opposite leaf arrangement
- distichous and or decussate
- simple leaf
- serrate leaf margin (dentate serration)
- dark fruit; white flowers in spring (get berries after flowering)
saw palmetto
P1
Family: Arecaceae
G+S: Serenoa repens
Evergreen Shrub
Facts:
- alternate leaf arrangement (spiraled)
- simple palmately lobed leaf
- saw teeth on petiole
- tip of leaf split
- may not see trunk in south (can be higher more north)
- parallel veination
southern catalpa
P1
Family: Bignoniaceae
G+S: Catalpa bignonioides
deciduous Tree
Facts:
- leaves 5-12 in ; can get very large; variable leaf size
- opposite or whorled leaf arrangement
- bell shaped flower white w/ purple
- bark reddish brown scales
- whorled (one of the few)
- dry capsule fruit
- flowers in the summer – at tip of branch : terminal inflorescence
- gray bark
mimosa
P1
Family: Fabaceae
G+S: Albizia julibrissin
Deciduous Tree
Facts:
- bipinnately compound
- mid vein offset
- alternate leaf arrangement
- margin entire
- V shaped trunks
- bark smooth with gray/white blotches
- leaflets sessile
trumpet creeper
P1
Family: Bignoniaceae
G+S: Campsis radicans
Deciduous Vine
Facts: -odd Pinnately compound leaf -opposite leaf arrangement -serrate leaf margins -groove or dip in rachis -fruit pods -tubular flower rusty orange/red in color Z
tulip poplar
P1
Family: Magnoliaceae
G+S: Liriodendron tulipifera
Deciduous Tree
Facts:
- alternate leaf arrangement spiraled
- circular stipular scar
- terminal is located where large stipule (part of leaf) is (can be persistent or ?)
- truncate leaf shape
- one of the tallest an fastest (tallest tree in southeast) growing trees
- found in moist areas
- smooth
flowering dogwood
P1
Family: Cornaceae
G+S: Cornus florida
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- majority have opposite leaf arrangement
- simple leaf entire margin
- sq. platelets on bark
- veins turn up toward the leaf margin
- sinuate (wavy)
- elliptical
- branches opposite
- sympodial branching
- terminal buds… Ones that are big round and fat will flower
- flowers YELLOW
- red fruit
- older bark (lower) darker than young bark that is more gray
- commonly grows as scattered understory species in mesic deciduous woods of floodplains, slopes, bluffs and ravines.
red maple
P1
Family: Sapindaceae
G+S: Acer rubrum
Deciduous tree med to large
Facts:
- Opposite leaf arrangement; decussate can also have distichous on the same plant
- widest at base
- serrate margin
- 3-5 lobes
eastern redbud
P1
Family: Fabaceae
G+S: Cercis canadensis
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- alternate leaf arrangement
- cordate shaped leaves
- simple leaf
- entire margins
- lagume (multiple lagumes in cluster hanging with pink to white panicle flower (not a petal - looking at stamens) late winter early spring) fruit at the axil of the leaf
- v shape
- lenticels
- found in many forest types throughout eastern US ( not a common component)
- shade tolerant
eastern hophornbeam
P2
Family: Betulaceae
Ostrya virginiana
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- double serrate margin
- pubescent leaves
- shreddy bark can be muscle like in more mature trees
- simple leaf
- dark lines on bud
- alternate leaf arrangement (always with this family)
- monoecious plant
- catkins- thin male -may turn into hops female
- more mesic soils; usually scattered in the understory of hardwood forest
longleaf pine
P1
Family: Pinaceae
G+S: Pinus palustris
Evergreen Tree
Facts:
- 3 needles per fascicle -11in length appx.
- thick twigs; about size of thumb
- holds needles at tip of branches
- long cone; not held for more than one season
- fall terminal bud white; covered in juvenile white scales
common persimmon
P2
Family: Ebenaceae
Diospyros virginiana
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- simple leaf
- alternate leaf arrangement
- margin entire
- cinnamon color on young bark
- dioecious female and male flowers; white/greenish male flowers; urn shaped female flowers
- orange fruit
- forms a lateral bud
- dry bud scales hang on look on slide
- platelet bark
- yellow to orange or purple color in fall
- colonial
- leaf size variableat
poison sumac
P2
Family: Anacardiaceae
Toxicodendron vernix
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- alternate leaf arrangement
- margin entire
- odd pinnately compound
- pinnae opposite (but actual leaf arrangement alternate)
- red petiole the more sun exposure the redder
- round rachis
- little black spots on bark (identifier in winter)
- cells of stomata become corky
- wetland species
- if freq fire can be shorter waist high
- white fruit very small
- yellow green flowers
white oak
P2
Family: Fagaceae
Quercus alba
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- White oak group
- simple leaf
- acorns produced on current seasons growth
- rounded lobes and sinuses
- oaks have clustering buds
- alternate arrangement
- intermediate intolerance to shade
Fagaceae
Quercus alba
Very even lobes
Sinuses get deeper on older leaves
Papery leaf
Green underside
bald cypress
P2
Family: Cupressaceae
Taxodium distichum
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- two distinct row
- alternate leaf arrangement
- simple
- flowing water
- cones greenish
- catkans late winter early spring (female out at tips)
- branchlets — leaves are the tiny appendages
sand live oak
P2
Family: Fagaceae
Quercus geminata
Evergreen tree
Facts:
- simple leaf
- alternate arrangement
- white oak group
Evergreen White oak group Simple Alternate Revolute margin Cupped margin also usually waved Viviparous acorn seed/embryo never stops growing Long and pointed acorn brown when mature White hairs on underside of leaf
Fringetree
P2
Oleaceae
Chionanthus virginicus
Deciduous tree
Opposite leaf arrangement Lenticels Dark petiole purple to black Decussate Occurs in mesic soils Dioecious two houses Wind pollinated longer male inflorescence shorter female inflorescence White flowers occurs in the spring Dark blue/purple drupe Yellow fall color
wild azalea
P2
Family: Ericaceae
Rhododendron canescens
Facts:
Deciduous shrub
Alternate Simple Tubular White to deep pink flowers (more white more pure more pink more hybridized) Well drained soils with low ph Very fine and web by root system Really fat bud next years bud Below small bud vegetative bud Sympodial branching Identify by branching and buds in winter
southern magnolia
P2
Family: Magnoliaceae
Magnolia grandiflora
Evergreen tree
Facts:
Pubescent underside
Stipular scar
Leathery leaf u
Large white flowers that occur on the terminals of branches
Gray to black bark… Typically smooth
- found in upland hardwood forest in mesic sites where fire is rare, but grows best on rich loamy moist soils along streams and swamps.
- moderately tolerant of shade, needs more light when it is older
Florida maple
P2
Family: Sapindaceae
Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- opposite leaf arrangement
- simple
- terminal margin largest at apex
- 5 lobe leaf character
- open branch arrangement
- entire margin
- sometimes pubescent in spring (not at this time of year)
- doesnt like dry sandy soils; likes rich or mesic soils of hardwood forest
- shade tolerant; fire intolerant
yaupon
P3
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex vomitoria
Evergreen shrub
Facts:
- alternate arrangement
- simple type
- ovate shape
- crenate margin
- white flowers occur in leaf axils in spring
- small red fruit
- smooth gray twigs
- ALL Ilex’s are alternate and dioecious
- found in mesic and dry communities (drops out in wetter areas)
sugarberry
P3
Cannabaceae
Celtis laevigata
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- alternate
- ovate / lanceolate with tapering tip
- leaves light green
- margins entire (younger leaves may have serration)
- often unequal lateral base
- bark smooth and gray at top; corky at bottom/base
- small fruit red, occurs in axils of leaves
- in winter look for bud leaf scar
- 3 major veins originate from petiole point of attachment
- serrate leaves become more entire on more mature areas of plant
- grow in soils pH 7,8 and 9
- shade tolerant species found scattered in upland hardwood forest; most often found on clayey soils of floodplains of major rivers
pond cypress
P3
Cupressaceae
Taxodium distichum var. imbricarium
Deciduous conifer
Facts:
-no fruit (gymnosperms)
-alternate spiraled needles as juvenile, the mature plant’s needles point upward but are still spiraled
-associated with depressional wetland areas w/o moving water
-female cones are round and green and become brown
then brown and shatter when ripe
-needles turn golden brown in the fall
-as trees mature, needles become appressed
If seedling will see juvenile characteristic with needles being distichous
Knees lower and fatter- dont have sharp tip
sparkleberry
P3
Ericaceae
Vaccinium arboreum
Evergreen shrub (in south ; deciduous north range)
Facts:
- alternate
- leaf shape variable; usually oval or elliptical
- some pubescence below leaves
- margin entire to very finely serrate
- leaf size variable
- bark thin, flaky, brownish red
- trunk can grow single or multi stemmed
- flowers white and bell shaped
- fruit round and black when ripe
- very webbed rooting system
- grow in low pH
- leaf size (1/2 in to 2 1/2 in ) and shape variable
- juvenile green berries / mature berries black
- grows on very dry sterile hillsides and it also occurs in moist and mesic sites close to wet bottomland sand creek banks; occurs in pine Flatwoods and pine scrub comm, but is short and multi trunks in those pine fire maintained comm; in mesic upland hardwood forest with fire suppression has taller tree form.
- very shade tolerant
- ***ALL Vacciniums have alternate leaf arrangement and bell shaped flowers
- growth form varies: can be tree like or shrub like
swamp laurel oak
P3
Fagaceae
Quercus laurifolia
Deciduous to semi evergreen
Facts:
- red oak group
- leaves broad lanceolate
- unlobed – have bristle tip
- acorns start green and mature to blackish brown- bitter to taste
- occurs in alluvial floodplains
sand laurel oak
P3
Fagaceae
Quercus hemisphaerica
Semi evergreen to evergreen tree
Facts:
- red oak group
- occur in sandy areas
- acorns hemispheric shape
- acorns previous seasons growth
- elliptical
- no pubescence
- flexible leaf- can bend and it will not break
- grows on dry sandy sites and it is also on mesic and xeric hammocks sites
american beautyberry
P3
Lamiaceae
Callicarpa americana
Deciduous shrub
Facts:
- opposite leaves decussate
- pubescent
- serrate margins
- small lavender pink flowers cymes clustered in axils of leaves from June - August
- gray stems with prominent lenticels
- purple or white berries on stem
- very prominent lenticels … Not perfectly rounded; long
Lamiaceae is mint family
spruce pine
P3
Pinaceae
Pinus glabra
Evergreen conifer
Facts:
- does not occur in pure pine forests; usually found as scattered (among loblolly) tree in moist woodland habitats in mixed hardwood forests
- adapted greater shade tolerance than other pine species
- needles dark green
- 2 needles per fascicle are twistedand 1 1/2 to 4 in long (rarely longer than palm of hand)
- small cones 1-2 in long armed with prickles
- cones are open and hang on for a few years, but tend to be high up in canopy (whereas with sand pine, cones found throughout canopy
- silvery grayness on bark
- not fire tolerant
loblolly pine
P3
Pinaceae
Pinus taeda
Evergreen conifer
Facts:
- needles 3 (ocassionally 2) per fascicle; 5 to 8 in long
- GRAY sessile cones start green before turning gray; around 5 in long; sharp awns
- cones persist on tree until third year of growth (so expect to see cones in canopy)
- platey bark dark brown older trees (young trees bark nearly black)
- 2 to 3 years worth of cones in canopy (only noticeable in mature trees)
- found in the upper edges of upland hardwood forest
- shade intolerant; starts out moderately tolerant, but becomes intolerant with age
- fire intolerant
**Length of needles usually around the width of a piece of paper
black cherry
P3
Rosaceae
Prunus serotina
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- alternate leaves 2 to 6 in long
- simple leaf
- finely serrate
- small white flowers with five petals and 20 stamens; 40 flowers on each raceme
- drupe fruit green to red to start then turning black
- bark is thin and striped horizontally for first decade, then replaced with thick peally bark that looks like burnt cornflakes when tree matures
- shade intolerant
american elm
P3
Ulmaceae
Ulmus americana
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- alternate arrangement
- simple leaf
- doubly serrate margin
- oblique base
- base of tree has noticeable flared support roots
- bark on young trees smooth, but becomes distinctly ridged and furrowed with age
- capable of self pollination
- small purple brown flowers; because they are wind pollinated, they are apetalous; flowers emerge early spring before leaves
- fruit is a flat samara
- upper surface feels like cat tongue
Side note all leaves out on current seasons growth tells you it’s deciduous
camphortree P4
Lauraceae
Cinnamomum camphora
Evergreen tree
Facts:
- alternate arrangement
- simple leaf
- leaf margin entire
- leaf is sinuate
- angular stem
- 3 major veins originate just above point of leaf attachment
- crushed leaves smell like camphor oil (this includes seedlings)
- Bark ridged and furrowed
- Twigs are green for multiple years worth of growth and feel very smooth
- Non native invasive species
- Shade tolerant species
- small white flowers
- clusters of black cherry like fruit
Side note: plants in Lauraceae family have fruit and flowers that occur in axils
carolina laurelcherry P4
Rosaceae
Prunus caroliniana
Evergreen
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- leaves are elliptical to oblanceolate
- margins usually entire, but sometimes start out finely serrate before they become entire
- shiny gland on underside of leaf (2 small dots at the base on each side of midrib
- white or cream colored flowers are produced racemes
- fruit are black cherries
- dark green and glossy leaves
- leaves smell like maraschino cherry when crushed
- small stipules
- upper slopes of upland hardwood or slope forest
- very shade tolerant
waxmyrtle P4
Myricaceae
Morella cerifera
Evergreen
Facts:
- Alternate spiral
- simple leaf
- margins serrate
- Fragrant when crushed
- leaves are aromatic and glandular: Orange dots on the underside of leaf
- Gray smooth bark
- Dioecious
- Catkins up and down stem look on slide for difference in m/f catkins; males have 3 to 4 stamens and are surrounded by short bracts / females develop into globular fruit that are surrounded by wax like coating
- flower color??? Yellow/green? Need to ask Mack
- leaves have leathery texture
swamp chestnut oak P4
Fagaceae
Quercus michauxii
Deciduous
White oak group
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- margins crenate
- pinnate venation; 9 to 14 parallel lateral veins on each side of leaf
- obovate leaf shape
- leaves are green and shiny above and pale and hairy below
- monoecious; male flowers long yellow green catkins and female flowers are reddish located in the axils
- cluster if buds; if dissect there is star pattern
- mixed hardwood forests; shade intolerant (per week 7 upland hardwood forest lecture; however in the week 5 plant list 4 images, the notes say that is a shade tolerant) species – needs openings
- well drained loamy site at the bottom ridges bases of mesic slopes
water oak P4
Fagaceae
Quercus nigra
Deciduous (to semi evergreen in warmer ranges)
Red oak group
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- mature leaves usually three lobed (sometimes resemble duck feet)
- margins entire
- tuffs of hair on underside of leaf at mid rib
- occurs primarily in bottomland forests and hydric communities on levees , high ridges, and elevated margins of swamps, rivers where there is frequent flooding and rapid draining
redbay P4
Lauraceae
Persea borbonia
Evergreen
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- lanceolate shaped leaves
- spicy odor when crushed
- ***angled twigs
- short panicle flowers with 6 greenish yellow perianth segments
-fruit: oval pair shaped blue or black drupe
- bark dark and plate like with age
- may have some pale pubescence on underside of leaf with rusty hairs on midrib (but lighter than the pubescence on Persia palustris, which it is often confused with)
- also often confused with sweetbay
magnolia BUT look for round stems, stipular scars, and flowers that occur at terminals when identifying sweetbay
- found in swamp forest and also found all the way up to mesic areas on slopes of hardwood
***Lauraceae family has flowers and fruit that occur in the axils of leaves and angular twigs
swamp bay P4
Lauraceae
Persea palustris
Evergreen
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- entire margins
- lance shaped leaves
- spicy odor when crushed
- ***cinnamon pubescence on the veins on underside of leaves (darker than the hairs on redbay)
- often confused with redbay— use difference in pubescence to identify between the two
- round lenticels on younger twigs
- fruit dark blue drupe
- flowers small light yellow green
- bark reddish brown with furrows
sweetbay magnolia P4
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia virginiana
Evergreen in our area / deciduous in northern range
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- margin entire
- flowers creamy white vanilla scented (like flower of southern magnolia, but smaller)
- fruit is an aggregate with seeds that are that are black *but covered with red fleshy coat – so the appear red
- stipular scar
slash pine P4
Pinaceae
Pinus elliottii
Evergreen
Facts:
- 2 and 3 needles per fascicle; 7 to 10 in long
- cones 6-8 per mack in field (says 3 to 6 in on image slide) in long; short stalked; cinnamon caramel colored
- awns on cones are not as sharp as awns on loblolly pine
- bark reddish brown (not really a good identifier unless you are looking at really mature/ old plants
- cones dropped every year fall/winter (don’t expect to see as many of them in canopy as you would with loblolly)
- monoecious plant
- needles go further back on stems than on other pines
live oak P4
Fagaceae
Quercus virginiana
Evergreen
White oak group
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- margin revolute
- young juvenile leaves may have marginal spines (but this tree is still white oak group)
- leaves shiny dark green on top and the bottoms are pale gray to to green (not as hairy as sand live oak)
- leaf shape elliptical or linear
- bark furrowed and ridged
- common in maritime forests (very salt tolerant); also occurs in hammocks bordering coastal and inland marshes
- intermediate shade tolerance
red buckeye P4
Sapindaceae
Aesculus pavia
Deciduous
Facts:
- palmately compound leaf; generally 5 leaflets
- Opposite arrangement as well as opposite branching structure
- leaves serrate
- Variable growth form. Can be low single trunk tree, shrubby or can be single trunk tree 20 ft tall
- in fall identify by opposite bud scars, opposite branch pattern and large terminal buds
- 5 to 7 long clusters of dark red tubular flowers; flowers are hermaphrodites
- smooth light brown fruit about 1.5 inches in diameter
eastern poison oak P5
Anacardiaceae
Toxicodendron pubescens
Shrub deciduous or evergreen?
Facts:
- pinnately compound leaves (w/ three leaflets on each)
- leaves usually pubescent
- leaf shape and size variable, but the shape usually resembles white oak leaves
- alternate arrangement
- white/gray drupes
- small round yellowish/greenish fruit
adam’s needle P5
Asparagaceae
Yucca filamentosa
Evergreen
Facts:
- simple leaf
- alternate arrangement spiraled
- large tubular stem underground
- leaf blade 12 to 18 in
- white bell shaped flowers
- this plant tells you that the soil is very xeric and low nutrient
- white threads (filaments) on leaf margins
water tupelo P5
Cornaceae
Nyssa aquatica
deciduous
Facts:
- simple leaves ( 3 to 10 in long)
- alternate arrangement
- pinnate venation
- shape oblong to ovate
- entire margins, but may a few large teeth
- greenish to white flowers
- fruit is a reddish to purple drupe (fruit much larger than fruit of blackgum)
- found in wetland habitats
swamp tupelo P5
Cornaceae
Nyssa biflora
deciduous ?
Facts:
- simple leaf (3 to 6 in long)
- leaf shape narrowly obovate
- margins entire
- alternate arrangement
- small pale green flower – males occur in large clusters – females 1 to 3 flowers
- fruit dark purplish blue drupe (ridges on pit)
- bark grayish brown (with ridges when tree gets older )
- trunk swollen at base at wetland communities
- narrow crown
- medium size tree
- tends to be down in the wet areas
- typically two flowers and two fruit
- nyssas one of the first to start showing fall color
blackgum P5
Cornaceae
Nyssa sylvatica
deciduous?
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- entire
- glabrous
- flowers in clusters of 2 to 14
- sandier environments
Separated per Dr T’s email given the two species separate names instead of var.
shiny blueberry P5
Ericaceae
Vaccinium myrsinites
Evergreen
Facts:
- alternate arrangement
- simple leaves
- shape obovate to elliptic
- not more an inch in length– usually smaller
- can reddish tint to twigs and leaves in the fall
- glabrous no hairs
- margin finely serrate
- flower small and urn shaped that is pink to white – flowers in spring
- fruit small red to black drupe
- colonial plant
- young twigs green to red tinted
- ground cover plant
- spreads by rhizomes
running oak P5
Fagaceae
Quercus pumila
Deciduous shrub
Facts:
White oak group
- alternate
- simple
- leaves flat long and linear with revolute margin
- sparse to uniform pubescence
- leaf underside white to gray – upper side shiny
- sessile acorns (dwarf live oak has stalked acorns)
- usually no more than knee high, but can be up to waist high
- occurs in wet to mesic areas
bluejack oak P5
Fagaceae
Quercus incana
deciduous
Red oak group
Facts:
- alternate arrangement
- simple leaf type
- no pubescence
- leaves blueish tint on top– grayish/white underneath!!
- leaf shape narrow elliptical
- sinuate up toward tip of leaf
- male flowers are yellow greening catkin 2 to 3 in long – female flower are green to reddish very small spike in leaf axil
- fruit is an acorn
- bark is blocky and dark- nearly black
- found in deep sandy soils
- juvenile leaves can have bristle tip, but not as wild looking as sand post oak juvenile bristling
turkey oak P5
Fagaceae
Quercus laevis
deciduous
Red oak group
Facts:
- simple leaf type
- alternate arrangement
- 3 to 7 lobes (deeply incised between lobes)
- leaf base is V shard
- leaves are shiny (glabrous) and there is NO pubescence on the undersides
- leaves turned sideways
- cluster of buds at the stem (common oak feature)
- usually occurs in nutrient poor dry sandy soils (Sandhills)
sand post oak P5
Fagaceae
Quercus margaretta
Deciduous
White Oak group
Facts:
- simple leaf type
- alternate arrangement
- t or crossed shaped appearance (smaller than the size on the post oak)
- pubescent on underside
- immediately after fire juvenile leaves look similar to water oak– but even distribution of hair on underside; whereas water oak has tuffs
- found in really sandy soils / deep sands
dwarf live oak P5
Fagaceae
Quercus minima
Evergreen
White oak group
Facts:
- simple leaf type
- alternate arrangement
- leaf shape oblong to lanceolate not cupped
- margin revolute
- underside usually pubescent
- flower monoecious - males are slender yellow green catkins and females are very small in at leaf axils – flower in the early spring
- small multi stemmed shrub that is usually low to the ground
- acorns stalked (identifying characterstic)
pignut hickory P5
Juglandaceae
Carya glabra
Deciduous
Facts:
- leaf type pinnately compound (5 leaflets, but sometimes 7)
- alternate arrangement and spiraling up tree (all hickories alternate)
- leaf size 8 to 12 in
- 5 leaflets (but sometimes 7)
- leaf shape lanceolate
- margin serrate
- flower - monoecious – males are three yellow green drooping catkins –females are short and found in clusters together at the end of branches
- fruit pear shaped 1 to 2 on long; occur on current seasons growth at terminals of branches
- bark starts out smooth and gray, but it becomes scaly and ridged
- large buds in the fall, winter and early spring
- yellow orange fall color key identifier in fall
- found on mesic slopes
- common tree in upland hardwood forest dry variant
devilwood P5
Oleaceae
Osmanthus americanus
Evergreen tree
Facts:
- opposite arrangement
- simple leaf type
- elliptical to obovate shape
- entire to slightly waved margin
- blue green color upper side and paler green beneath
- young twigs appear flattened at the nodes
- dioecious – white flowers are small and urn shaped; they occur in axils of leaves of last years growth during the spring
- fruit dark blue drupes, olive like, that mature in the fall
- bark is gray brown and finely scaly
- shade tolerant
- found in upper edge of upland hardwood forest through all the way down to fairly wet areas at the bottom of the slope
Oleaceae family has opposite arrangement, tendrils on twigs and olive like fruit
sand pine P5
Pinaceae
Pinus clausa
Evergreen
Facts:
- 2 needles per fascicle
- needles are 2 to 3 in long and slightly twisted (less twisted and more yellow in color than with spruce pine needles) cones grayish
- flower monoecious– males yellow near branch tip and females yellow to purple
- cones persistent; 2 to 3 1/2 in long and armed with prickles
- gray brown cones remain closed for many years and persist on tree for many years (so expect to see in the canopy)
- bark thin and reddish brown to gray brown with scaly patches (bark starts out smooth as juvenile)
- small scrubby tree
- found in dry areas (expect to see spruce pine in more mesic wet areas)
- not fire tolerant at all
sweetleaf P5
Symplocaceae
Symplocos tinctoria
deciduous shrub
Facts:
- alternate arrangement
- simple leaf type
- margin slightly serrate (sometimes nearly entire)
- leaves 2 to 6 long
- may be pubescent or smooth
- leaves broadest near or above middle
- leaf shape elliptical
- leaves are shiny green above and yellow green below (sweet tasting)
- flower monoecious– small white clustered flowers that occur late winter
- bark grayish brown – initially smooth, but develops warty lenticels and shallow pits
- reddish brown twigs
- sympodial branching
- mesic sites
- leafs up toward tip of twigs
- in fire maintained comm colonial plant with leaves narrower, stiffer and the plant form more dense — in hardwood comm leaves wider because of shade
- attenuate tip
- shade tolerant
loblolly bay P5
Theaceae
Gordonia lasianthus
Evergreen
Facts:
- alternate arrangement
- simple leaf type
- elliptical leaf shape 3 to 6 in long
- margin finely serrate
- fruit is woody; 5 parted fruit stalked capsule
- flower is solitary and usually has 5 petals- occurs in axils of leaves
- big showy flower that occurs in the axil of the plant (looks similar to magnolia flower but occurs at different loc. on the plant)
- very subtle serration
- green on both sides of the leaf
- bark ridged and furrowed
poison ivy P6
Anacardiaceae
Toxicodendron radicans
Deciduous spreading groundcover or vine
Facts:
- alternate
- compound trifoliate
- shiny green above / pale green below
- leaves are NOT lobed, but have irregular serration
- monoecious plant; flowers small yellow green
- fruit greenish white
- leaf size very variable
dahoon P6
Aquifoliceae
Ilex cassine
Evergreen shrub or small tree
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- leaf shape oblong to lanceolate
- margin entire or a few sharp teeth above the middle
- leaf color green above paler below
- dioecious plant; males smaller greenish white flowers– females four small greenish white petals that occur in clusters or as solitary spring/early summer
- fruit (usually) red berry like round drupe that occurs on the current seasons growth and ripens in fall
All ilex have some kind of stipular gland: Two little black dots where you would expect to see stipules
- wet communities
- leaves can be variable in size – can get larger then what we saw on campus
- gray bark
- one of the smallest fruit of the hollies
- sometimes will see marginal spines
myrtle leaf holly P6
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex myrtifolia
american holly P6
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex opaca
Evergreen
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- leaf shape elliptical
- leaf color shiny dark green above paler below
- marginal spines irregular
- dioecious plant; dull green white male cyme flowers – female are solitary with pleasant odor and occur in spring
- fruit red berry like drupe; largest fruit of all holly species
- pyramidal growth shape
- last marginal spine typically tips downward
cabbage palmetto P6
Arecaceae
Sabal palmetto
Ever or decid?
Facts:
- alternate
- costa palmate
- flower small white occur on large branched clusters during early summer; panicle inflorescences
- fruit nearly round fleshy drupe that is dark shiny blue fall/winter
- twigs absent since leaves appear directly out of unbranched trunk
- bark gray brown with tuff splits vertically
- elongated axis of leaf blade cause costa palmation
- split off petioles protrude out of trunk
- out of natural range here n our area
salt bush / sea myrtle P6
Asteraceae
Baccharis halimifolia
Deciduous or evergreen shrub
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- leaves have coarse teeth with uppermost leaves entire
- dioecious plant; flowers borne in numerous small compact heads in leaf terminals; females flowers are snow white, cotton like and showy and disperse in wind
- go from vegetative leaves to bract type leaves: leaf form changes with the formation of inflorescences; heads
- bark orangey fishers
american hornbeam / blue beech P6
Betulaceae
Carpinus caroliniana
deciduous
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- elliptical to ovate shape
- doubly serrate margin
- monoecious; males slender yellow green hanging catkin; females yellow green fuzzy and appear from new branch tips; both females and males appear mid to late spring
- fruit small ribbed nutlet on hanging stalk; disperse through winter
- twigs somewhat zigzag
- bark thin and smooth; regardless of age muscular in appearance
- how to distinguish this tree from e. hophornbeam: buds solid color, leaves not pubescent, inflorescence much more open with narrower bracts on each nutlet and twigs are not pubescent; while both can have muscular trunks, the bark on this tree is smooth
- equal lateral base in this family
- no pubescence on this one
- catkins more open
atlantic white cedar P6
Cupressaceae
Chamaecyparis thyoides
Evergreen
Facts:
- scales in pairs: are opposite decussate
- scales are appressed to stem
- gymnosperms (produce no fruit, only cones)
- each scale has small gland (not present on the other cedar)
- foliage is flattened and in the same plane, so appears flat, but they are spiraled around twig (flattened planes arranged irregularly around twig
- able to withstand very moist conditions
- bark appears shredded vertically
- not fire tolerant, so found in comm that do not have regular fires
eastern redcedar P6
Cupressaceae
Juniperus virginiana
Evergreen
Facts:
- has scale like leaves and needle like leaves (latter more common on younger trees)
- dioecious; male flowers are small yellow brown occurring in large groups and females are light blue
- fruit berry like cones that are light green with white waxy coating in the spring but turn dark blue / purple and glaucous at maturity
- bark rusty brown; long fibrous strips/ shaggy bark
- no shiny glands
- completely irregular arrangement – no flattened planes
- extreme variability in branching pattern and density
chinese tallow (don’t use the name popcorn tree) P6
Euphorbiaceae
Triadica sebifera
Deciduous invasive exotic species
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- rhombic to ovate shape
- margin entire
- light green flowers are spike like and occur in terminals
- fruit three lobed three valved capsules green that are to start / brown black when mature
- white latex milky sap if torn at base of petiole
carolina jessamine P6
Gelsemiaceae
Gelsemium sempervirens
Evergreen twining vine
Facts:
- simple
- arrangement opposite
- margin entire
- elliptical or lanceolate
- glabrous
- yellow flowers in feb
coontie P6
Zamiaceae
Zamia pumila
Evergreen
Facts:
- pinnately compound leaves
- alternate
- dioecious plant; female and male cones (repro organs)on different plants
- gymnosperm ( no fruit– produces cones)
red mulberry P7
Moraceae
Morus rubra
Deciduous
Facts:
- Alternate
- simple
- three different leaf types – mitten, tri or whole (sometimes 5 lobes)
- juvenile leaves have deep sinuses
- blackberry like fruit June/August; each fruit composed many small druplets
- like cats tongue when rub top of leaf back towards petiole
- found in valleys, low floodplain and low moist hill sides
- dioecious (occasionally monoecious); flowers occur in stalks in the axils of the leaves as catkins April/may; start out greenish white, then turn reddish to blackish brown
white ash P7
Oleaceae
Fraxinus americana
Ever decid?
Facts:
- opposite leaf
- pinnately compound
- 7 leaflets usually have some degree of serration
- ovate to lanceolate
- prominent lenticels
- horse shoe shaped scar; leaf bud sits down in circular notch of horse shoe shaped leaf scar
- produces smaller fruit (samara) than greenash
green ash P7
Oleaceae
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica
deciduous
Facts:
- bud sits totally on top of leaf scar; leaf scar semicircular to flat across (how to differentiate from white ash)
- opposite leaf arrangement
- pinnately compound
- some degree of serration
- 7-9 leaflets
- prominent lenticels
- fruit is a single winged samara
Fl prickly blackberry P7
Rosaceae
Rubus argutus (wrong on slide presentation)
Facts:
- alternate
- palmately compound
- growth form colonies that grow upright knee to waist high
- pubescent (dewberry one really smooth)
- white flower
- black fruit
- silvery white on underside
- fewer but more pronounced curved prickles (other plant dewberry has more, but smaller)
- dry sandy areas
sawtooth blackberry P7
Rosaceae
Rubus pensilvanicus
Facts:
- alternate
- serrate
- palmately compound; 5-7 leaflets
- bushier upright plant; more shrub like
- not hairy – smooth
- has nearly straight prickles (that are larger than those of dewberry)
- grows taller than fl blackberry
- usually found in wet areas
- white flower
- bla
southern dewberry P7
Rosaceae
Rubus trivialis
Evergreen
Facts:
- alternate
- palmately compound
- 3 to 5 serrated leaflets
- grows prostrate on ground
- smooth texture to top of leaf
- multitude of tiny curved prickles (DR T referred to them as spines) along twigs
- small 5 petaled flowers white spring/summer
- fruit juicy black drupes late summer
Greenbrier P7
Smilacaceae
Smilax auriculata
Evergreen
Facts: -leaves alternate -have tendrils -made up of underground stems (tubers) -haves spines -above ground portion has spines -sometimes leaves have spine - just need to recognize the genus for quizzes and pick correct specific epithet and common name to go with it - fruit may have blue glaucous look to it
-
-
Florida yew P7
Taxaceae
Taxis floridana
Evergreen
Facts:
- gymnosperm
- alternate arrangement (distichous)
- simple
- stomata on underside of leaf (gives it a white appearance
- cone becomes fleshy; ovulate cones
- occurs along bluffs and ravines
Virginia creeper P7
Vitaceae
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Deciduous vine
Facts:
- palmately compound
- toothed margin
- uses tendrils attach by suctions
- usually five leaflets (3 - 7 leaflets)
- alternate leaf arrangement
- small flowers greenish white
- small dark blue to black berries
- fibrous roots on stems
Sycamore P7
Platanaceae
Platanus occidentalis
Deciduous
Facts:
- simple leaves
- alternate
- palmately veined
- 3 to 5 lobes
- margins coarsely toothed
- petiole base completely circles around bud
- very large stipule encircles the twig can occur above, below or on the leaf
- has 3 to 5 major lobes that tend to point downward
- grows in fairly wet areas
- inner bark is white/ outer bark tan or light brown; when tree matures upper bark has pealing that usually exposes white bark
- aggregate fruit achene
american beech P10
Fagaceae
Fagus grandifolia
Deciduous
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- serrate margin
- buds are elongated fall/winter and look like miniature cigars
- pinnate veins extend to the end of each leaf serration
- bark gray and smooth
- nuts produced in capsules
- rusty orange fall color
- shade tolerant species found in closed canopy hardwood forest
- brown fruit
- yellow green? apetalous flowers
scarlet oak P10
Fagaceae
Quercus coccinea
Deciduous
Red oak group
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- lobed leaves; 7 lobes with 3 to 7 bristle tips
- glossy green glabrous leaves
- open C shaped sinuses; also base of leaf not sharply V shaped as with turkey oak
devil’s walkingstick P10
Araliaceae
Aralia spinosa
Deciduous
Facts:
- bipinnately compound
- alternate
- white flowers; inflorescences occur at the terminal; highly branched panicle
- fruit dark purple
- colonial plant
- covered in spines (stems, petioles and portions of leaves)
- leaf bud scars and spines persist on younger and older stems
post oak P10
Fagaceae
Quercus stellata
White oak group
Deciduous
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- leaves are cross shaped
- leaves are coarse and leathery and dense hairs on the underside
witch hazel P10
Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelis virginiana
Deciduous shrub
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- leaves oval shaped
- margins smooth or wavy
- flowers have yellow strap like petals; occur in winter
- fruit is a capsule brown
- branches smooth and gray
- yellow/orange fall color
shumard oak P10
Fagaceae
Quercus shumardii
Red oak group
Decid or ever?
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- lobed leaves; 5 to 9 lobes with bristle tips
- leaves glabrous for the most part, but they do have tufts of hairs in the axils of primary veins
- U shaped sinuses
Sassafras P10
Lauraceae
Sassafras albidum
Deciduous
Facts:
- leaves simple entire, with single lobe or multiple lobes; heterophyllous plant
- alternate
- blue black egg shaped fruit (typical of lauraceae family)
- sympodial branching
Chinaberry tree P10
Meliaceae
Melia azedarach
Decid or ever?
- leaves twice to three times pinnately compound
- alternate arrangement
- long petioles
- leaflets serrate
- flowers are small and purple
- fruit is a light yellow drupe at maturity
- invasive species
mockernut hickory P10
Juglandaceae
Carya tomentosa
Deciduous tree
Facts:
- pinnately compound leaves
- alternate
- often has very large terminal lobe
- leaves densely pubescent on underside
- fall color orange-yellow
- very large buds present in fall and winter
- gray bark has ridges and furrows and is
flatwoods plum P10
Rosaceae
Prunus umbellata
Deciduous
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- ovate
- glabrous
- slight serration on margin
- spring flowers mostly white but be pink
- older bark becomes dark, almost black with age
- mature fruit reddish purple
common buttonbush P10
Rubiaceae
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Deciduous shrub
Facts:
- simple
- opposite whorled
- entire margins
- elliptical to ovate
- short petioles
- globose inflorescence; flowers appear white on slide pic
- fruit are achenes arranged in globose cluster; brown
- grows commonly along the sedges of wet areas in full sun
shortleaf pine P10
Pinaceae
Pinus echinata
Evergreen
Facts:
- 2 to 3 needles per fascicle; 2.5 to 4.5 inches long
- stalked cones 1.5 to 3 inches long; brown color
- cones are persistent
- rapid resprouting after fire as a young seedling
- shade intolerant
- fire resistant; crown may be killed, but resprouts from base
american basswood P10
Malvaceae
Tilia americana
Deciduous
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- pubescent
- serrate margins
- oblique leaf base
- somewhat cordate shaped leaves
- flowers appear yellow in slide picture
- tan fruit
winged elm P10
Ulmaceae
Ulmus alata
Deciduous
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- oblique base
- finely serrate margins
- younger twigs have corky wings
- flaky bark develops on older trunks
- flowers red brown color in pics
- mature fruit brown
hercules club P10
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis
Decid or ever?
Facts:
- pinnately compound
- alternate
- glabrous
- leaflets are opposite on the rachis
- leaflets are sinuate and finely serrate
- very thorny tree with dull broad thorns; even leaves and petioles have spines
- flowers occur at the terminals of panicles; appear whiteish-yellow on slide
Peppervine P10
Vitaceae
Ampelopsis arborea
Deciduous vine
Facts:
- bipinnately compound
- alternate
- coarsely serrate leaflet margins
- young leaves and stems commonly reddish in color; young twigs have tendrils
- stem becomes woody with age
- cyme inflorescences that are greenish
- shiny black mature fruit
possumhaw viburnum P8
Adoxaceae
Viburnum nudum
Deciduous
Facts: -simple -opposite -entire margin -elliptical shape -flat topped clusters of white flowers -mature fruit blue -found in wet mucky acidic soils -cinnamon buds -leaves can vary in size -
rusty blackhaw P8
Adoxaceae
Viburnum rufidulum
Deciduous
Facts:
- simple
- opposite
- petioles rusty hairy with grooves or sometimes wings; cinnamon pubescence on underside of leaf
- serrate leaf margins
- leaves more rounded
- bronze to red fall color
- bark similar to that of flowering dogwood ( but much more reduced)
- creamy white flowers occur in clusters; perfect
- fruit purple - dark blue glaucous and globose drupes
- occurs in dry habitats
- **All viburnum opposite
large gallberry P8
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex coriacea
Evergreen shrub
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- fruit shiny black berries
- white flowers (typical holly flower)
- smooth gray bark
- tend to occur in wetter areas
- black gland on both sides of the petiole
inkberry P8
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex glabra
Evergreen
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- narrow leaf; widest up towards tip
- white flowers
- dark black fruit
- crenations up towards the tip
- drop out in the wettest areas (gallberry picks up in the wettest areas)
dwarf pawpaw P8
Annonaceae
Asimina parviflora
Deciduous shrub
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- obovate shape
- petiole is grooved and has a reddish pubescence
- brownish purple flowers that occur on twigs at the leaf axils; nodding flowers
- fruit brown at maturity
- shade tolerant
- tar like smell when crushed
- ***All asimina alternate
Buckwheat P8
Cyrillaceae
Cliftonia monophylla
Evergreen
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- obovate to lanceolate
- dark green shiny above and lighter green below
- very short petioles
- inflorescences and fruit occur at the terminals of branches
- mature fruit brown
- flowers early in the spring
red titi P8
Cyrillaceae
Cyrilla racemiflora
Semi evergreen
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- oblanceolate to elliptical
- fruit two cellars capsule yellow brown
- flowers white; flowers in the summer
- inflorescences occur at the BASE of current seasons growth
- rusty red colored bark
blackgum P8
Cornaceae
Nyssa sylvatica
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- entire margins
- flower pale green
- dark purplish drupe
- obovate shape
- more than two fruit per inflorescence
- more mesic areas areas (biflora wetter areas)
fetterbush P8
Ericaceae
Lyonia lucida
Evergreen shrub
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- elliptical to ovate
- zigzag stem
- flowers occur in the axils of leaves
- flower color ranges from white to red, but is generally pink
- fruit dry brown capsule
- angular twigs
- entire margin appears to be veined
- found in wet and xeric communities
- can get 8 to 10 ft tall
- shrubby form
- stem has ridges and furrows (very small to scale)
deerberry P8
Ericaceae
Vaccinium stamineum
Deciduous
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- totally pubescent; including twigs
- elliptical
- young twigs also pubescent
- fruit resembles blueberry and is also pubescent; purple
- typically multi trunked
- bell shaped white flowers (petals broad like an umbrella)
- V shaped shrub
blue huckleberry P8
Ericaceae
Gaylussacia frondosa var. tomentosa
Deciduous
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- broadest up toward middle or tip; tips rounded
- pubescent leaves (rough feel)
- mature fruit blue
- pinkish greenish bell shaped flowers (typical blueberry fruit and flower)
- colonial plant
southern red oak P8
Fagaceae
Quercus falcata
Red oak group
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- bristle tips
- immature leaves look like ducks feet
- the higher up in the tree the more elongated the terminal lobe becomes
- leaves are pubescent
- base of leaf somewhat rounded like a bell
- occurs dry sandy soils
- very mature leaves appear falcate
water hickory P10
Carya aquatica
chinquapin P8
Fagaceae
Castanea pumila
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- elliptical
- underside if leaves finely pubescent
- margins have small mucrons
- veins pinnate and opposite
- very obvious stipules present for a while
- inflorescences occur in axils of leaves; color appears yellow on slide pic
- fruit is capsule that holds nut
myrtle oak P7
Fagaceae
Quercus myrtifolia
Red oak group
Evergreen
Facts:
- simple
- alternate
- one of the 3 scrub oaks
- elliptic to broadly obovate
- margins entire; somewhat revolute
- juvenile leaves may have bristle tip
- leaves may be flat or cupped
florida rosemary P7
Ericaceae
Ceratiola ericoides
Evergreen
Facts:
- opposite whorled
- female flower color cream/yellow; male flower color cinnamon brown
- yellow fruit
- dry sandy habitats
- takes 12 years to produce seed
- each branch segment is worth one year of growth; can’t back the segments to estimate the age of plant
cherry bark oak P10
Fagaceae
Quercus pagodifolia
American elder P9
Adoxaceae
Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis
- opposite
- pinnately compound
- white flowers
- fruit black
- colonial plant
winged sumac P9
Anacardiaceae
Rhus copallinum
Deciduous
Facts:
- pinnately compound
- alternate
- pubescent
- rachis flat or winged
- bright yellow flowers
- red fruit
- colonial
river birch P9
Betulaceae
Betula nigra
deciduous
Facts:
- alternate
- simple
- tiny white lenticels
- doubly serrate
- equal lateral bases
- flaky bark with age
coralbean P9
Fabaceae
Erythrina herbacea
- tri foliate ; pinnately compound
- alternate
- twigs have spines
- red flowers
- fruit legume; red seeds in legume
- caudex woody basal stem
kudzu P9
Fabaceae
Pueraria montana var. lobata
Deciduous twining vine
- everything pubescent
- palmately compound with 3 leaflets
- alternate
- purple flowers
- black seed pods
black locust P9
Fabaceae
Robinia pseudoacacia
Deciduous
Facts: Stipular spines base of petiole Pinnately compound Alternate White flowers Legume
Chapman’s oak P9
Fagaceae
Quercus chapmanii
White oak group
Facts:
- Alternate
- Simple
- very little lobing at the tips if leaves
- usually shrub like
- sometimes have red coloring on leaves
Pecan P9
Juglandaceae
Carya illinoinensis
Deciduous
Facts:
- Falcate tip
- Up to 13, 17 or up to 19 leaflets
- Alternate
- Pinnately compound
- Serrate
- Brown terminal bud
- Along river systems
- Yellow green catkin flower
ash’s magnolia / bigleaf magnolia P9
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia ashei
Deciduous
Facts:
- Alternate
- Simple
- Stipular scar
- Huge leaf/ up to foot in length
- Different texture then other mag trees
- White flower
- Large terminal bud
- Smooth gray bark
pond pine P9
Pinaceae
Pinus serotina
- 3 needles per fascicle
- Fire tolerant
- Cones stalked / oval - egg shaped 4 in long
- Cones persistent for many years
- Adventitious buds sprout right out of the trunk
- Less tolerant shade than slash, but more tolerant that longleaf
- serotinous cones; persistent
pensacola hawthorn P9
Rosaceae
Crataegus lacrimata
Deciduous
Facts:
- Roselike flower
- Weeping habit
- Leaves serrate at the apex
- Thorny plant; thorns can be up to an inch
- Fruit similar to small apple
- Individuals flowers per inflorescence
black willow P9
Salicaceae
Salex nigra
Deciduous
Facts:
- Alternate spiraled
- Lanceolate
- Yellow catkin flowers
- Seeds have cottony appendages in spring
- Grow in wet communities
sweetspire P9
Iteaceae
Itea virginica
Deciduous
-White flowers spring
-short petiole usually reddish or brown in color
-twigs are gray brown and will have some white markings on them
-alternate spiraled
-Very minute serrations
-Infloreces at terminal
Shade tolerant but will also grow in full sun
muscadine P9
Vitaceae
Vitis rotundifolia
Deciduous
Facts: -Alternate -Serrate -White flowers -First two modes veg, next fruit, subsequent growth tendrils/begat active growth Purple fruit
Oak leaf hydrangea
Hydrangeaceae
Hydrangea quercifolia
Prefers basic soils
Dwarf palmetto
Arecaceae
Sabal minor
