Plant Kingdom Flashcards
1
Q
What classification system for flowering plants was given by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker?
A
A classification that considers both external and internal features like ultra-structure, anatomy, embryology, and phytochemistry.
2
Q
What is the primary basis of phylogenetic classification systems?
A
Evolutionary relationships between organisms, assuming common ancestry within taxa.
3
Q
What is Numerical Taxonomy?
A
A method that uses all observable characteristics, assigning numbers and codes to characters for computer processing.
4
Q
What does Cytotaxonomy focus on?
A
Cytological information such as chromosome number and structure.
5
Q
What is Chemotaxonomy?
A
A classification method that uses chemical constituents of plants to resolve taxonomic confusions.
6
Q
Define algae.
A
Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms.
7
Q
What types of habitats do algae occupy?
A
Aquatic, moist stones, soils, wood, and in association with fungi and animals.
8
Q
How do algae reproduce vegetatively?
A
By fragmentation.
9
Q
What are zoospores?
A
Flagellated spores produced by algae during asexual reproduction.
10
Q
What is isogamous reproduction in algae?
A
Fusion of two gametes that are similar in size.
11
Q
What is anisogamous reproduction?
A
Fusion of two gametes that are dissimilar in size.
12
Q
What is oogamous reproduction?
A
Fusion between a large, non-motile female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete.
13
Q
List some uses of algae.
A
- Carbon dioxide fixation
- Primary producers of energy-rich compounds
- Food sources (e.g., Porphyra, Laminaria)
- Production of hydrocolloids (e.g., algin, carrageen)
- Agar for microbiology and food products
- Nutritional supplements (e.g., Chlorella)
14
Q
What are the three main classes of algae?
A
- Chlorophyceae (Green algae)
- Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
- Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
15
Q
What is the primary pigment found in Chlorophyceae?
A
Chlorophyll a and b.
16
Q
What type of food storage is common in Chlorophyceae?
A
Starch.
17
Q
What is the cell wall composition of Phaeophyceae?
A
Cellulose and algin.
18
Q
What pigment gives Phaeophyceae its color?
A
Fucoxanthin.
19
Q
What is the primary food storage in Rhodophyceae?
A
Floridean starch.
20
Q
What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes?
A
The gametophyte.
21
Q
What is the male sex organ in bryophytes called?
A
Antheridium.
22
Q
What does the archegonium produce?
A
A single egg.
23
Q
What type of habitat do liverworts typically grow in?
A
Moist, shady habitats.
24
Q
What is a gemma in liverworts?
A
A green, multicellular, asexual bud.
25
What is the predominant stage of the life cycle of mosses?
The gametophyte.
26
Name two stages in the life cycle of a moss.
* Protonema stage
* Leafy stage
27
What is the main plant body of pteridophytes?
The sporophyte.
28
What are the two types of spores produced by heterosporous pteridophytes?
* Megaspores
* Microspores
29
What is the significance of pteridophytes in terms of plant evolution?
They are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues.
30
Fill in the blank: The male gametes released from the antheridia are called _______.
antherozoids.
31
What is the dominant phase of pteridophytes?
Sporophyte
## Footnote
The sporophyte is multicellular and well-differentiated.
32
What term describes pteridophytes that produce similar kinds of spores?
Homosporous
## Footnote
Examples include most pteridophytes.
33
What is the significance of female gametophytes in heterosporous pteridophytes?
They are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods.
34
What evolutionary step is indicated by the development of zygotes into young embryos within female gametophytes?
The seed habit
35
How are pteridophytes classified?
* Psilopsida
* Lycopsida
* Sphenopsida
* Pteropsida
36
What is the meaning of the term 'gymnosperms'?
Naked seeds
## Footnote
'Gymnos' means naked and 'sperma' means seeds.
37
What is a characteristic feature of gymnosperm ovules?
They are not enclosed by any ovary wall.
38
What type of roots do gymnosperms generally have?
Tap roots
39
What is the name of one of the tallest tree species belonging to gymnosperms?
Sequoia
40
What adaptation do gymnosperm leaves have to withstand environmental extremes?
Needle-like leaves with thick cuticles and sunken stomata
41
What are the main structures produced by sporophytes in pteridophytes?
Sporangia
42
In gymnosperms, where are microspores and megaspores produced?
Microsporangia and megasporangia
43
What type of plants are classified as naked-seeded plants?
Gymnosperms
44
What is the role of pollen grains in gymnosperms?
They germinate and release male gametes into the ovule.
45
What are the two main classes of angiosperms?
* Dicotyledons
* Monocotyledons
46
Fill in the blank: The main plant body of a bryophyte is called a _______.
Gametophyte
47
True or False: Water is required for the transfer of male gametes to archegonia in pteridophytes.
True
48
What is heterospory?
The production of two different types of spores in plants.
49
Give two examples of heterosporous plants.
* Selaginella
* Salvinia
50
What is an antheridium?
The male sex organ in bryophytes and pteridophytes.
51
What is an archegonium?
The female sex organ in bryophytes and pteridophytes.
52
Differentiate between liverworts and moss.
Liverworts have a thalloid and dorsiventral body; mosses have upright, slender axes.
53
Match Chlamydomonas with its classification.
Algae
54
Describe a key characteristic of gymnosperms.
They produce naked seeds.
55
What classification system for flowering plants was given by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker?
A classification that considers both external and internal features like ultra-structure, anatomy, embryology, and phytochemistry.
56
What is the primary basis of phylogenetic classification systems?
Evolutionary relationships between organisms, assuming common ancestry within taxa.
57
What is Numerical Taxonomy?
A method that uses all observable characteristics, assigning numbers and codes to characters for computer processing.
58
What does Cytotaxonomy focus on?
Cytological information such as chromosome number and structure.
59
What is Chemotaxonomy?
A classification method that uses chemical constituents of plants to resolve taxonomic confusions.
60
Define algae.
Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms.
61
What types of habitats do algae occupy?
Aquatic, moist stones, soils, wood, and in association with fungi and animals.
62
How do algae reproduce vegetatively?
By fragmentation.
63
What are zoospores?
Flagellated spores produced by algae during asexual reproduction.
64
What is isogamous reproduction in algae?
Fusion of two gametes that are similar in size.
65
What is anisogamous reproduction?
Fusion of two gametes that are dissimilar in size.
66
What is oogamous reproduction?
Fusion between a large, non-motile female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete.
67
List some uses of algae.
* Carbon dioxide fixation
* Primary producers of energy-rich compounds
* Food sources (e.g., Porphyra, Laminaria)
* Production of hydrocolloids (e.g., algin, carrageen)
* Agar for microbiology and food products
* Nutritional supplements (e.g., Chlorella)
68
What are the three main classes of algae?
* Chlorophyceae (Green algae)
* Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
* Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
69
What is the primary pigment found in Chlorophyceae?
Chlorophyll a and b.
70
What type of food storage is common in Chlorophyceae?
Starch.
71
What is the cell wall composition of Phaeophyceae?
Cellulose and algin.
72
What pigment gives Phaeophyceae its color?
Fucoxanthin.
73
What is the primary food storage in Rhodophyceae?
Floridean starch.
74
What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes?
The gametophyte.
75
What is the male sex organ in bryophytes called?
Antheridium.
76
What does the archegonium produce?
A single egg.
77
What type of habitat do liverworts typically grow in?
Moist, shady habitats.
78
What is a gemma in liverworts?
A green, multicellular, asexual bud.
79
What is the predominant stage of the life cycle of mosses?
The gametophyte.
80
Name two stages in the life cycle of a moss.
* Protonema stage
* Leafy stage
81
What is the main plant body of pteridophytes?
The sporophyte.
82
What are the two types of spores produced by heterosporous pteridophytes?
* Megaspores
* Microspores
83
What is the significance of pteridophytes in terms of plant evolution?
They are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues.
84
Fill in the blank: The male gametes released from the antheridia are called _______.
antherozoids.
85
What is the dominant phase of pteridophytes?
Sporophyte
## Footnote
The sporophyte is multicellular and well-differentiated.
86
What term describes pteridophytes that produce similar kinds of spores?
Homosporous
## Footnote
Examples include most pteridophytes.
87
What is the significance of female gametophytes in heterosporous pteridophytes?
They are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods.
88
What evolutionary step is indicated by the development of zygotes into young embryos within female gametophytes?
The seed habit
89
How are pteridophytes classified?
* Psilopsida
* Lycopsida
* Sphenopsida
* Pteropsida
90
What is the meaning of the term 'gymnosperms'?
Naked seeds
## Footnote
'Gymnos' means naked and 'sperma' means seeds.
91
What is a characteristic feature of gymnosperm ovules?
They are not enclosed by any ovary wall.
92
What type of roots do gymnosperms generally have?
Tap roots
93
What is the name of one of the tallest tree species belonging to gymnosperms?
Sequoia
94
What adaptation do gymnosperm leaves have to withstand environmental extremes?
Needle-like leaves with thick cuticles and sunken stomata
95
What are the main structures produced by sporophytes in pteridophytes?
Sporangia
96
In gymnosperms, where are microspores and megaspores produced?
Microsporangia and megasporangia
97
What type of plants are classified as naked-seeded plants?
Gymnosperms
98
What is the role of pollen grains in gymnosperms?
They germinate and release male gametes into the ovule.
99
What are the two main classes of angiosperms?
* Dicotyledons
* Monocotyledons
100
Fill in the blank: The main plant body of a bryophyte is called a _______.
Gametophyte
101
True or False: Water is required for the transfer of male gametes to archegonia in pteridophytes.
True
102
What is heterospory?
The production of two different types of spores in plants.
103
Give two examples of heterosporous plants.
* Selaginella
* Salvinia
104
What is an antheridium?
The male sex organ in bryophytes and pteridophytes.
105
What is an archegonium?
The female sex organ in bryophytes and pteridophytes.
106
Differentiate between liverworts and moss.
Liverworts have a thalloid and dorsiventral body; mosses have upright, slender axes.
107
Match Chlamydomonas with its classification.
Algae
108
Describe a key characteristic of gymnosperms.
They produce naked seeds.
