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Plant Kingdom Flashcards

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1
Q

What classification system for flowering plants was given by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker?

A

A classification that considers both external and internal features like ultra-structure, anatomy, embryology, and phytochemistry.

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2
Q

What is the primary basis of phylogenetic classification systems?

A

Evolutionary relationships between organisms, assuming common ancestry within taxa.

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3
Q

What is Numerical Taxonomy?

A

A method that uses all observable characteristics, assigning numbers and codes to characters for computer processing.

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4
Q

What does Cytotaxonomy focus on?

A

Cytological information such as chromosome number and structure.

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5
Q

What is Chemotaxonomy?

A

A classification method that uses chemical constituents of plants to resolve taxonomic confusions.

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6
Q

Define algae.

A

Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms.

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7
Q

What types of habitats do algae occupy?

A

Aquatic, moist stones, soils, wood, and in association with fungi and animals.

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8
Q

How do algae reproduce vegetatively?

A

By fragmentation.

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9
Q

What are zoospores?

A

Flagellated spores produced by algae during asexual reproduction.

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10
Q

What is isogamous reproduction in algae?

A

Fusion of two gametes that are similar in size.

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11
Q

What is anisogamous reproduction?

A

Fusion of two gametes that are dissimilar in size.

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12
Q

What is oogamous reproduction?

A

Fusion between a large, non-motile female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete.

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13
Q

List some uses of algae.

A
  • Carbon dioxide fixation
  • Primary producers of energy-rich compounds
  • Food sources (e.g., Porphyra, Laminaria)
  • Production of hydrocolloids (e.g., algin, carrageen)
  • Agar for microbiology and food products
  • Nutritional supplements (e.g., Chlorella)
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14
Q

What are the three main classes of algae?

A
  • Chlorophyceae (Green algae)
  • Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
  • Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
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15
Q

What is the primary pigment found in Chlorophyceae?

A

Chlorophyll a and b.

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16
Q

What type of food storage is common in Chlorophyceae?

A

Starch.

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17
Q

What is the cell wall composition of Phaeophyceae?

A

Cellulose and algin.

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18
Q

What pigment gives Phaeophyceae its color?

A

Fucoxanthin.

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19
Q

What is the primary food storage in Rhodophyceae?

A

Floridean starch.

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20
Q

What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes?

A

The gametophyte.

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21
Q

What is the male sex organ in bryophytes called?

A

Antheridium.

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22
Q

What does the archegonium produce?

A

A single egg.

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23
Q

What type of habitat do liverworts typically grow in?

A

Moist, shady habitats.

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24
Q

What is a gemma in liverworts?

A

A green, multicellular, asexual bud.

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25
Q

What is the predominant stage of the life cycle of mosses?

A

The gametophyte.

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26
Q

Name two stages in the life cycle of a moss.

A
  • Protonema stage
  • Leafy stage
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27
Q

What is the main plant body of pteridophytes?

A

The sporophyte.

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28
Q

What are the two types of spores produced by heterosporous pteridophytes?

A
  • Megaspores
  • Microspores
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29
Q

What is the significance of pteridophytes in terms of plant evolution?

A

They are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues.

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: The male gametes released from the antheridia are called _______.

A

antherozoids.

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31
Q

What is the dominant phase of pteridophytes?

A

Sporophyte

The sporophyte is multicellular and well-differentiated.

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32
Q

What term describes pteridophytes that produce similar kinds of spores?

A

Homosporous

Examples include most pteridophytes.

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33
Q

What is the significance of female gametophytes in heterosporous pteridophytes?

A

They are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods.

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34
Q

What evolutionary step is indicated by the development of zygotes into young embryos within female gametophytes?

A

The seed habit

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35
Q

How are pteridophytes classified?

A
  • Psilopsida
  • Lycopsida
  • Sphenopsida
  • Pteropsida
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36
Q

What is the meaning of the term ‘gymnosperms’?

A

Naked seeds

‘Gymnos’ means naked and ‘sperma’ means seeds.

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37
Q

What is a characteristic feature of gymnosperm ovules?

A

They are not enclosed by any ovary wall.

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38
Q

What type of roots do gymnosperms generally have?

A

Tap roots

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39
Q

What is the name of one of the tallest tree species belonging to gymnosperms?

A

Sequoia

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40
Q

What adaptation do gymnosperm leaves have to withstand environmental extremes?

A

Needle-like leaves with thick cuticles and sunken stomata

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41
Q

What are the main structures produced by sporophytes in pteridophytes?

A

Sporangia

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42
Q

In gymnosperms, where are microspores and megaspores produced?

A

Microsporangia and megasporangia

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43
Q

What type of plants are classified as naked-seeded plants?

A

Gymnosperms

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44
Q

What is the role of pollen grains in gymnosperms?

A

They germinate and release male gametes into the ovule.

45
Q

What are the two main classes of angiosperms?

A
  • Dicotyledons
  • Monocotyledons
46
Q

Fill in the blank: The main plant body of a bryophyte is called a _______.

A

Gametophyte

47
Q

True or False: Water is required for the transfer of male gametes to archegonia in pteridophytes.

A

True

48
Q

What is heterospory?

A

The production of two different types of spores in plants.

49
Q

Give two examples of heterosporous plants.

A
  • Selaginella
  • Salvinia
50
Q

What is an antheridium?

A

The male sex organ in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

51
Q

What is an archegonium?

A

The female sex organ in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

52
Q

Differentiate between liverworts and moss.

A

Liverworts have a thalloid and dorsiventral body; mosses have upright, slender axes.

53
Q

Match Chlamydomonas with its classification.

A

Algae

54
Q

Describe a key characteristic of gymnosperms.

A

They produce naked seeds.

55
Q

What classification system for flowering plants was given by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker?

A

A classification that considers both external and internal features like ultra-structure, anatomy, embryology, and phytochemistry.

56
Q

What is the primary basis of phylogenetic classification systems?

A

Evolutionary relationships between organisms, assuming common ancestry within taxa.

57
Q

What is Numerical Taxonomy?

A

A method that uses all observable characteristics, assigning numbers and codes to characters for computer processing.

58
Q

What does Cytotaxonomy focus on?

A

Cytological information such as chromosome number and structure.

59
Q

What is Chemotaxonomy?

A

A classification method that uses chemical constituents of plants to resolve taxonomic confusions.

60
Q

Define algae.

A

Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms.

61
Q

What types of habitats do algae occupy?

A

Aquatic, moist stones, soils, wood, and in association with fungi and animals.

62
Q

How do algae reproduce vegetatively?

A

By fragmentation.

63
Q

What are zoospores?

A

Flagellated spores produced by algae during asexual reproduction.

64
Q

What is isogamous reproduction in algae?

A

Fusion of two gametes that are similar in size.

65
Q

What is anisogamous reproduction?

A

Fusion of two gametes that are dissimilar in size.

66
Q

What is oogamous reproduction?

A

Fusion between a large, non-motile female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete.

67
Q

List some uses of algae.

A
  • Carbon dioxide fixation
  • Primary producers of energy-rich compounds
  • Food sources (e.g., Porphyra, Laminaria)
  • Production of hydrocolloids (e.g., algin, carrageen)
  • Agar for microbiology and food products
  • Nutritional supplements (e.g., Chlorella)
68
Q

What are the three main classes of algae?

A
  • Chlorophyceae (Green algae)
  • Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
  • Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
69
Q

What is the primary pigment found in Chlorophyceae?

A

Chlorophyll a and b.

70
Q

What type of food storage is common in Chlorophyceae?

A

Starch.

71
Q

What is the cell wall composition of Phaeophyceae?

A

Cellulose and algin.

72
Q

What pigment gives Phaeophyceae its color?

A

Fucoxanthin.

73
Q

What is the primary food storage in Rhodophyceae?

A

Floridean starch.

74
Q

What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes?

A

The gametophyte.

75
Q

What is the male sex organ in bryophytes called?

A

Antheridium.

76
Q

What does the archegonium produce?

A

A single egg.

77
Q

What type of habitat do liverworts typically grow in?

A

Moist, shady habitats.

78
Q

What is a gemma in liverworts?

A

A green, multicellular, asexual bud.

79
Q

What is the predominant stage of the life cycle of mosses?

A

The gametophyte.

80
Q

Name two stages in the life cycle of a moss.

A
  • Protonema stage
  • Leafy stage
81
Q

What is the main plant body of pteridophytes?

A

The sporophyte.

82
Q

What are the two types of spores produced by heterosporous pteridophytes?

A
  • Megaspores
  • Microspores
83
Q

What is the significance of pteridophytes in terms of plant evolution?

A

They are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues.

84
Q

Fill in the blank: The male gametes released from the antheridia are called _______.

A

antherozoids.

85
Q

What is the dominant phase of pteridophytes?

A

Sporophyte

The sporophyte is multicellular and well-differentiated.

86
Q

What term describes pteridophytes that produce similar kinds of spores?

A

Homosporous

Examples include most pteridophytes.

87
Q

What is the significance of female gametophytes in heterosporous pteridophytes?

A

They are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods.

88
Q

What evolutionary step is indicated by the development of zygotes into young embryos within female gametophytes?

A

The seed habit

89
Q

How are pteridophytes classified?

A
  • Psilopsida
  • Lycopsida
  • Sphenopsida
  • Pteropsida
90
Q

What is the meaning of the term ‘gymnosperms’?

A

Naked seeds

‘Gymnos’ means naked and ‘sperma’ means seeds.

91
Q

What is a characteristic feature of gymnosperm ovules?

A

They are not enclosed by any ovary wall.

92
Q

What type of roots do gymnosperms generally have?

A

Tap roots

93
Q

What is the name of one of the tallest tree species belonging to gymnosperms?

A

Sequoia

94
Q

What adaptation do gymnosperm leaves have to withstand environmental extremes?

A

Needle-like leaves with thick cuticles and sunken stomata

95
Q

What are the main structures produced by sporophytes in pteridophytes?

A

Sporangia

96
Q

In gymnosperms, where are microspores and megaspores produced?

A

Microsporangia and megasporangia

97
Q

What type of plants are classified as naked-seeded plants?

A

Gymnosperms

98
Q

What is the role of pollen grains in gymnosperms?

A

They germinate and release male gametes into the ovule.

99
Q

What are the two main classes of angiosperms?

A
  • Dicotyledons
  • Monocotyledons
100
Q

Fill in the blank: The main plant body of a bryophyte is called a _______.

A

Gametophyte

101
Q

True or False: Water is required for the transfer of male gametes to archegonia in pteridophytes.

A

True

102
Q

What is heterospory?

A

The production of two different types of spores in plants.

103
Q

Give two examples of heterosporous plants.

A
  • Selaginella
  • Salvinia
104
Q

What is an antheridium?

A

The male sex organ in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

105
Q

What is an archegonium?

A

The female sex organ in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

106
Q

Differentiate between liverworts and moss.

A

Liverworts have a thalloid and dorsiventral body; mosses have upright, slender axes.

107
Q

Match Chlamydomonas with its classification.

A

Algae

108
Q

Describe a key characteristic of gymnosperms.

A

They produce naked seeds.

Biology (1 decks)

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