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Plant Kingdom Flashcards

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1
Q

Are Blue Green algae a part of the Plant Kingdom?

A

No, Blue Green algae or cyanobacteria are a part of Kingdom Monera and not the Plant Kingdom.

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2
Q

Which divisions come under Kingdom Plantae?

A

Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are the divisions of Kingdom Plantae.

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3
Q

Explain the Artificial Classification of Angiosperms. (6)

A
  1. Earliest classification system
  2. Based on gross morphological characters like habit, color, number and shape of leaves.
  3. Based on vegetative characters or the structure of the androecium.
  4. Given by Linnaeus
  5. Only separated closely related species because they are based on few characteristics.
  6. Gave equal importance to sexual and vegetative characters but vegetative characters are more easily affected by the environment.
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4
Q

Why is giving equal importance to sexual and vegetative characters not acceptable?

A

Vegetative characters are more easily influenced by the environment.

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5
Q

Explain the Natural System of Classification. (3)

A
  1. Based on natural affinities between organisms.
  2. Besides external features, importance is given to internal features like ultrastructure, embryology, anatomy and phytochemistry.
  3. George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker gave the Natural System of Classification of flowering plants.
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6
Q

Who gave the Natural System of Classification of Flowering Plants?

A

George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker.

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7
Q

Explain the Phylogenetic Classification System. (2)

A
  1. Based on the evolutionary relationships between various organisms.
  2. Believes that two organisms in the same taxa share a common ancestor.
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8
Q

Why do we need information from many sources to resolve difficulties in classification?

A

Information from many sources becomes more important especially when there is no supporting fossil evidence.

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9
Q

What is Numerical Taxonomy?

A
  1. Numerical Taxonomy is based on all observable characteristics.
  2. Carried out with the help of computers.
  3. Numbers and codes are assigned to each character and then the data is processed.
  4. Thus each character is given importance and hundreds of characters are considered.
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10
Q

What is cytotaxonomy?

A

Taxonomy based on cytological information, chromosome number, structure and behavior.

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11
Q

What is chemotaxonomy?

A

Based on chemical constituents of plants.

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12
Q

Basic definition of algae.

A

Algae are chlorophyll bearing, simple thalloid autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms. (Can be found in fresh water, sea water and on other habitats like moist stones, soil and wood.
They can occur in association with fungi (lichens) and animals (on sloth bear).

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13
Q

Colonial form of algae

A

Volvox

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14
Q

Filamentous forms of algae

A

Ulothrix and Spirogyra

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15
Q

Massive marine forms of algae

A

Kelps

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16
Q

Vegetative reproduction in algae

A

Fragmentation - each fragment develops into a thallus

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17
Q

Asexual reproduction in algae

A

Formation of spores, most common being zoospores.

Spores are flagellated (motile) and on germination give rise to new plants.

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18
Q

Sexual reproduction in algae

A

Formation of gametes. 3 types - Isogamous. Anisogamous and Oogamous

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19
Q

Examples of isogamous gametes in algae

A

Isogamous - same size
ex: Ulothrix - same size and flagellated
Spirogyra: same size and non flagellated

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20
Q

Example of gametes being the same size and flagellated in algae

A

Ulothrix

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21
Q

Example of gametes being the same size and non flagellated in algae

A

Spirogyra

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22
Q

Fusion of gametes dissimilar in size example

A

Anisogamous - Ex: Eudorina

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23
Q

What are oogamous gametes in algae

A

Gametes are dissimilar in size but fusion occurs between one large static female gamete and a smaller motile male gamete. Eg: Fucus and Volvox

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24
Q

Example of oogamous gametes in algae

A

ex: Fucus and Volvox

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25
Q

Type of gametes in Volvox

A

Oogamous

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26
Q

Type of gametes in Fucus

A

Oogamous

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27
Q

Type of gametes in Eudorina

A

Anisogamous

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28
Q

Type of gametes in Spirogyra

A

Isogamous (Similar in size but non flagellated)

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29
Q

Type of gametes in Ulothrix

A

Isogamous (Similar in size and flagellated)

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30
Q

How much of the carbon di oxide fixation is carried by algae?

A

At least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by algae through photosynthesis.

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31
Q

How do algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment?

A

By photosynthesis

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32
Q

Why are algae of paramount importance in aquatic food cycles?

A

They are primary producers of energy rich compounds which are the basis of the food cycles or all aquatic animals.

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33
Q

How many species of marine algae are used as food?

A

70 species eg: Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum

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34
Q

Examples of marine algae used as food?

A

Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum

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35
Q

Certain marine brown and red algae produce what commercial substances?

A

Certain brown and red algae produce hydrocolloids (water holding substances) - algin (brown algae) and carrageen (red algae)

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36
Q

Hydrocolloids produced by red algae

A

Carrageen

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37
Q

Hydrocolloids produced by brown algae

A

Algin

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38
Q

What is agar? Which algae produce it?

A

Agar is a commercial product used in the preparation of ice creams and jellies. It is also used to grow microbes. It is produced by Gelidium and Gracilaria

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39
Q

What do Gelidium and Gracilaria produce?

A

Agar

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40
Q

Chlorophyceae is another name for

A

Green algae

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41
Q

Phaeophyceae is another name for

A

Brown algae

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42
Q

Rhodophyceae is another name for

A

Red algae

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43
Q

Plant body of green algae can be

A

Unicellular, colonial or filamentous

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44
Q

Why are Chlorophyceae grass green in color?

A

Dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and b localized in definite chloroplasts.

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45
Q

Chlorophyll a and b are dominant pigments in

A

Chlorophyceae or green algae.

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46
Q

How are pigments found in Chlorophyceae?

A

Localized in definite chloroplasts.

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47
Q

Chloroplasts in Chlorophyceae may be?

A 
Discoid 
Plate like 
Reticulate 
Cup shaped 
Spiral 
Ribbon shaped
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48
Q

What are pyrenoids?

A

Most members of Chlorophyceae contain one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids. They contain protein and starch.

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49
Q

Some green algae can also store food in the form of?

A

Oil droplets.

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50
Q

Cell wall of Chlorophyceae

A

Rigid cell wall with an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.

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51
Q

Inner layer of cell wall of green algae is made up of?

A

Cellulose

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52
Q

Outer layer of cell wall of green algae is made up of?

A

Pectose

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53
Q

Vegetative reproduction in Chlorophyceae is by

A

Fragmentation AND formation of different types of spores.

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54
Q

Asexual reproduction of Chlorophyceae is by

A

Flagellated zoospores produced in the zoosporangia.

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55
Q

Sexual reproduction of Chlorophyceae is by

A

Formation of sex cells which can be isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous. (shows considerable variation).

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56
Q

Examples of Chlorophyceae

A 
Chlamydomonas
Volvox 
Ulothrix
Spirogyra
Chara
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57
Q

Chlamydomonas belongs to?

A

Chlorophyceae

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58
Q

Volvox belongs to?

A

Chlorophyceae

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59
Q

Ulothrix belongs to?

A

Chlorophyceae

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60
Q

Spirogyra belongs to?

A

Chlorophyceae

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61
Q

Chara belongs to?

A

Chlorophyceae

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62
Q

Habitat of Phaeophyceae is

A

Marine.
The members of Phaeophyceae are primarily found in marine habitats. (They are rarely found in freshwater, they are mostly found in salt and brackish water.)

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63
Q

Simple branched filamentous form of Phaeophyceae

A

Ectocarpus

64
Q

Profusely branched form of Phaeophyceae are

A

Kelps, they can reach a height of 100 meters.

65
Q

Kelps can reach a maximum height of ?

A

100 m (Kelps belong to Phaeophyceae).

66
Q

Main pigments possessed by Phaeophyceae

A

Chlorophyll a , carotenoids and xanthophyll and chlorophyll c (according to NCERT table)

67
Q

Chlorophyll a, carotenoids and xanthophyll are the man pigments of?

A

Phaeophyceae

68
Q

Phaeophyceae vary in color from olive green to brown depending upon

A

the amount of the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin is present in them.

69
Q

Varying the amount of fucoxanthin in Phaeophyceae

A

varies their color from olive green to brown.

70
Q

In Phaeophyceae food is stored as

A

complex carbohydrates, laminarin and mannitol.

71
Q

Laminarin and Mannitol are

A

complex carbohydrates in the form of which Phaeophyceae store food.

72
Q

Cell walls of Phaeophyceae

A

Made up of cellulose but covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating called algin.

73
Q

Gelatinous coating on Phaeophyceae cell wall is

A

Algin. Algin is also the hydrocolloid ( water holding substance) produced by brown algae.

74
Q

Protoplast in Phaeophyceae contains

A

Plastids, a centrally located vacuole and nucleus,

75
Q

Plant body of Phaeophyceae

A

Attached to the substratum by the Holdfast (root like organs)
Stalk - Stipe (stem like organ)
Photosynthetic organ - Frond (leaf like structure)
Therefore plant body of Phaeophyceae is made up of holdfast, stipe and frond.

76
Q

Leaf like organ in the plant body of Phaeophyceae

A

Frond

77
Q

Stem like organ in the plant body of Phaeophyceae

A

Stipe

78
Q

Root like organ in the plant body of Phaeophyceae

A

Holdfast

79
Q

Vegetative reproduction in Phaeophyceae

A

Fragmentation.

80
Q

Asexual reproduction in Phaeophyceae

A

By zoospores. The zoospores are biflagellate structures that are pear shaped and have two unequal laterally attached flagella.

81
Q

Structure of zoospores of Phaeophyceae

A

Biflagellate, pear shaped with two unequal laterally attached flagella.

82
Q

Sexual reproduction in Phaeophyceae

A

May be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous. Union may occur in water or within the oogonium. The gametes are pyriform ( pear shaped ) and bear two laterally attached flagella.

83
Q

Gametes in Phaeophyceae

A

Pyriform (pear shaped) with two laterally attached flagella.

84
Q

Examples of Phaeophyceae

A 
Ectocarpus
Dictyota 
Laminaria 
Sargassum 
Fucus
85
Q

Ectocarpus belongs to?

A

Phaeophyceae

86
Q

Dictyota belongs to?

A

Phaeophyceae

87
Q

Laminaria belongs to?

A

Phaeophyceae

88
Q

Sargassum belongs to?

A

Phaeophyceae

89
Q

Fucus belongs to?

A

Phaeophyceae

90
Q

Which is the predominant pigment in Rhodophyceae ?

A

r - phycoerythrin : the red pigment (Pigments in Rhodophyceae are chlorophyll a, d and phycoerythrin)

91
Q

Majority of red algae habitats are

A

Marine, with a greater concentration found in warmer areas. (Some are also present in fresh water and brackish water but most are present in salt water)

92
Q

Where in the water do Rhodophyceae occur?

A

Both in the well lighted regions close to the surface and at great depths in the ocean where little light penetrates.

93
Q

Thalli of red algae are

A

Multicellular

94
Q

Body organization of Red Algae is

A

complex. Algae have complex body organization.

95
Q

Food in Rhodophyceae is stored as

A

Floridean starch which is similar in structure to glycogen and amylopectin.

96
Q

Floridean starch is similar in structure to

A

Glycogen and amylopectin.

97
Q

Vegetative reproduction in Rhodophyceae

A

Fragmentation

98
Q

Asexual reproduction in Rhodophyceae

A

Non - motile spores

99
Q

Sexual reproduction in Rhodophyceae

A

Oogamous and non motile gametes reproduce sexually accompanied by complex post fertilization developments.

100
Q

Cell wall in Rhodophyceae is

A

Cellulose, pectin and poly sulphate esters

101
Q

Flagellar number in Green Algae

A

2,8 - Equal and Apical

102
Q

Flagellar number in Brown Algae

A

2 - Unequal and lateral

103
Q

Are flagella present in Red Algae?

A

No. Flagella are absent in Rhodophyceae.

104
Q

Examples of Rhodophyceae are

A

Porphyra
Polysiphonia
Gracilaria
Gelidium

105
Q

Porphyra belongs to

A

Rhodophyceae

106
Q

Polysiphonia belongs to

A

Rhodophyceae

107
Q

Gracilaria belongs to

A

Rhodophyceae

108
Q

Gelidium belongs to

A

Rhodophyceae

109
Q

Bryophytes are divided into

A

Livermorts and mosses

110
Q

Livermorts and mosses commonly grow in

A

Moist shaded areas in the hills - damp humid and shaded localities.

111
Q

What are amphibians of the plant kingdom?

A

Bryophytes are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.

112
Q

Why are bryophytes called the amphibians of the plant kingdom?

A

They live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.

113
Q

What important role do bryophytes play?

A

They play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks / soil.

114
Q

Compared to algae, plant body of bryophytes is?

A

Plant body bryophytes is more differentiated than algae.

115
Q

Plant body of bryophytes is

A

Thallus like - prostrate or erect attached to the substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids.
They lack true roots, stems and leaves. They possess root like, stem like and leaf like structures.

116
Q

Main plant body of the bryophyte is

A

Gametophyte. It is haploid and produces gametes, so the main plant body of the bryophytes is called the gametophyte.

117
Q

Sex organs in bryophytes are uni or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

118
Q

Male sex organ of Bryophytes is

A

The male sex organ of the bryophytes is the antheridium. It produces biflagellate antherozoids.

119
Q

Female sex organ of Bryophytes is

A

Female sex organ of bryophytes is Archegonium it is flask shaped and produces a single egg.

120
Q

Fertilization in Bryophytes

A

The antherozoids released in water come in contact with the archegonium. The antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce a zygote. The zygotes do not undergo reduction division, they form a multicellular structure called the sporophyte.

121
Q

What is the sporophyte in Bryophytes?

A

A zygote is produced when the male and female gametes of the bryophytes fuse. This structure is diploid and grows into the sporophyte. The sporophyte of bryophytes is not free living and is attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nutrition from it. Some cells of the sporophyte undergo reduction division to form haploid spores, which produce gametophytes.

122
Q

Is the sporophyte in bryophytes independent?

A

The sporophyte in gametophytes is not independent. It It is attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nutrition from it.

123
Q

How does the sporophyte produce the gametophyte in Bryophytes?

A

Some cells of the sporophyte undergo reduction division (meiosis) to produce spores which germinate to produce gametophytes.

124
Q

Are bryophytes of immense economic importance?

A

No, they are not of immense economic importance but they provide food for herbaceous mammals, birds and other animals.

125
Q

What is the use of the moss Sphagnum?

A

The moss Sphagnum provides peat to that has been used as a packing material for trans shipment of living material for it’s ability to hold water.

126
Q

What has been used as a packing material for trans shipment of living material for it’s ability to hold water?

A

Peat produced from the moss Sphagnum.

127
Q

Why is peat used as a packing material for trans shipment of living material

A

For it’s ability to hold water. Peat is produced by the moss Sphagnum.

128
Q

Why are mosses of great ecological importance?

A

Because mosses along with lichens are the first to colonize rocks. They decompose rocks and make the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants. Mosses form dense mats on the soil, reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.

129
Q

How do mosses prevent soil erosion?

A

They form dense mats on the soil, and reduce the impact of rain, preventing soil erosion.

130
Q

Where do liverworts grow?

A 
Liverworts grow in moist shady habitats. Eg 
Banks of the stream 
Marshy ground 
Damp soil 
Bark of trees 
Deep in the woods.
131
Q

Plant body of the liverwort is?

A

Plant body of a liverwort is thalloid.

132
Q

Thallus of liverwort is?

A

Thallus of liverwort is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substrate.

133
Q

Plant body of leafy liverworts has?

A

Plant body of leafy liverworts has tiny leaf like appendages in two rows on the stem like structure.

134
Q

Asexual reproduction of liverworts takes place by

A

Fragmentation of thalli or by formation of specialized structures called gemmae.

135
Q

What are gemmae? (Liverworts)

A

Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds which develop in small receptacles called gemmae cups located on the thalli. Gemmae detach from the plant body and germinate to form new individuals.

136
Q

What are gemmae cups? (Liverworts)

A

Gemmae cups are receptacles on liverworts which produce gemmae.

137
Q

How are male and female sex organs produced in liverworts?

A

In liverworts, male and female sex organs can be produced on the same thalli or on different thalli.

138
Q

Sporophyte in liverworts is differentiated into?

A

Foot seta and capsule. Example of liverwort is MARCHANTIA

139
Q

Foot, seta and capsule are different organs of

A

Sporophyte of liverworts.

140
Q

After meiosis, in liverworts, where are spores produced?

A

After meiosis spores are produced in the capsule in liverworts. These spores germinate to produce gametophytes.

141
Q

Prominent stage of the life cycle of a moss is?

A

Prominent stage of the life cycle is the gametophyte, which consists of two stages - protonema and leafy stage.

142
Q

First stage of the moss gametophyte is the

A

Protonema. Protonema develops directly from the spore and it is a creeping
green
branched
and frequently filamentous stage.

143
Q

What is the protonema of a moss?

A

Protonema develops directly from the spore and it is a creeping, green, branched, frequently filamentous structure. It is the first stage of a moss gametophyte.

144
Q

What is the second stage of the moss gametophyte?

A

The leafy stage is the second stage of the moss gametophyte. It develops from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud. It consists of an upright slender axis bearing spirally arranged leaves. They arise through the soil with the help of uni and multicellular rhizoids. The leafy stage bears the sex organs.

145
Q

From where does the leafy stage of the mosses arise?

A

The leafy stage of the mosses arises from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud.

146
Q

Which stage of the moss gametophyte bears sex organs?

A

The leafy stage.

147
Q

Vegetative reproduction in the mosses is by?

A

Fragmentation and budding of the secondary protonema.

148
Q

What are the sex organs in mosses?

A

The sex organs in mosses are antheridia and archegonia.

149
Q

Where are the sex organs of mosses produced?

A

The sex organs in mosses are antheridia and archegonia. They are produced at the apex of the leafy shoot.

150
Q

Sporophyte of mosses is differentiated into

A

Foot seta and capsule. It is more elaborate than that of liverworts.

151
Q

Spore dispersion in mosses?

A

Spores are formed after the meiosis of the sporophyte in mosses. Mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersion.

152
Q

Examples of mosses are?

A

Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum

153
Q

Funaria is an example of

A

Moss

154
Q

Polytrichum is an example of

A

Moss

155
Q

Sphagnum is an example of

A

Moss

Biology 🧬 (8 decks)

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