Plant Kingdom Flashcards
Are Blue Green algae a part of the Plant Kingdom?
No, Blue Green algae or cyanobacteria are a part of Kingdom Monera and not the Plant Kingdom.
Which divisions come under Kingdom Plantae?
Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms are the divisions of Kingdom Plantae.
Explain the Artificial Classification of Angiosperms. (6)
- Earliest classification system
- Based on gross morphological characters like habit, color, number and shape of leaves.
- Based on vegetative characters or the structure of the androecium.
- Given by Linnaeus
- Only separated closely related species because they are based on few characteristics.
- Gave equal importance to sexual and vegetative characters but vegetative characters are more easily affected by the environment.
Why is giving equal importance to sexual and vegetative characters not acceptable?
Vegetative characters are more easily influenced by the environment.
Explain the Natural System of Classification. (3)
- Based on natural affinities between organisms.
- Besides external features, importance is given to internal features like ultrastructure, embryology, anatomy and phytochemistry.
- George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker gave the Natural System of Classification of flowering plants.
Who gave the Natural System of Classification of Flowering Plants?
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker.
Explain the Phylogenetic Classification System. (2)
- Based on the evolutionary relationships between various organisms.
- Believes that two organisms in the same taxa share a common ancestor.
Why do we need information from many sources to resolve difficulties in classification?
Information from many sources becomes more important especially when there is no supporting fossil evidence.
What is Numerical Taxonomy?
- Numerical Taxonomy is based on all observable characteristics.
- Carried out with the help of computers.
- Numbers and codes are assigned to each character and then the data is processed.
- Thus each character is given importance and hundreds of characters are considered.
What is cytotaxonomy?
Taxonomy based on cytological information, chromosome number, structure and behavior.
What is chemotaxonomy?
Based on chemical constituents of plants.
Basic definition of algae.
Algae are chlorophyll bearing, simple thalloid autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms. (Can be found in fresh water, sea water and on other habitats like moist stones, soil and wood.
They can occur in association with fungi (lichens) and animals (on sloth bear).
Colonial form of algae
Volvox
Filamentous forms of algae
Ulothrix and Spirogyra
Massive marine forms of algae
Kelps
Vegetative reproduction in algae
Fragmentation - each fragment develops into a thallus
Asexual reproduction in algae
Formation of spores, most common being zoospores.
Spores are flagellated (motile) and on germination give rise to new plants.
Sexual reproduction in algae
Formation of gametes. 3 types - Isogamous. Anisogamous and Oogamous
Examples of isogamous gametes in algae
Isogamous - same size
ex: Ulothrix - same size and flagellated
Spirogyra: same size and non flagellated
Example of gametes being the same size and flagellated in algae
Ulothrix
Example of gametes being the same size and non flagellated in algae
Spirogyra
Fusion of gametes dissimilar in size example
Anisogamous - Ex: Eudorina
What are oogamous gametes in algae
Gametes are dissimilar in size but fusion occurs between one large static female gamete and a smaller motile male gamete. Eg: Fucus and Volvox
Example of oogamous gametes in algae
ex: Fucus and Volvox
Type of gametes in Volvox
Oogamous
Type of gametes in Fucus
Oogamous
Type of gametes in Eudorina
Anisogamous
Type of gametes in Spirogyra
Isogamous (Similar in size but non flagellated)
Type of gametes in Ulothrix
Isogamous (Similar in size and flagellated)
How much of the carbon di oxide fixation is carried by algae?
At least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by algae through photosynthesis.
How do algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment?
By photosynthesis
Why are algae of paramount importance in aquatic food cycles?
They are primary producers of energy rich compounds which are the basis of the food cycles or all aquatic animals.
How many species of marine algae are used as food?
70 species eg: Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum
Examples of marine algae used as food?
Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum
Certain marine brown and red algae produce what commercial substances?
Certain brown and red algae produce hydrocolloids (water holding substances) - algin (brown algae) and carrageen (red algae)
Hydrocolloids produced by red algae
Carrageen
Hydrocolloids produced by brown algae
Algin
What is agar? Which algae produce it?
Agar is a commercial product used in the preparation of ice creams and jellies. It is also used to grow microbes. It is produced by Gelidium and Gracilaria
What do Gelidium and Gracilaria produce?
Agar
Chlorophyceae is another name for
Green algae
Phaeophyceae is another name for
Brown algae
Rhodophyceae is another name for
Red algae
Plant body of green algae can be
Unicellular, colonial or filamentous
Why are Chlorophyceae grass green in color?
Dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and b localized in definite chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll a and b are dominant pigments in
Chlorophyceae or green algae.
How are pigments found in Chlorophyceae?
Localized in definite chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts in Chlorophyceae may be?
Discoid Plate like Reticulate Cup shaped Spiral Ribbon shaped
What are pyrenoids?
Most members of Chlorophyceae contain one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids. They contain protein and starch.
Some green algae can also store food in the form of?
Oil droplets.
Cell wall of Chlorophyceae
Rigid cell wall with an inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.
Inner layer of cell wall of green algae is made up of?
Cellulose
Outer layer of cell wall of green algae is made up of?
Pectose
Vegetative reproduction in Chlorophyceae is by
Fragmentation AND formation of different types of spores.
Asexual reproduction of Chlorophyceae is by
Flagellated zoospores produced in the zoosporangia.
Sexual reproduction of Chlorophyceae is by
Formation of sex cells which can be isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous. (shows considerable variation).
Examples of Chlorophyceae
Chlamydomonas Volvox Ulothrix Spirogyra Chara
Chlamydomonas belongs to?
Chlorophyceae
Volvox belongs to?
Chlorophyceae
Ulothrix belongs to?
Chlorophyceae
Spirogyra belongs to?
Chlorophyceae
Chara belongs to?
Chlorophyceae
Habitat of Phaeophyceae is
Marine.
The members of Phaeophyceae are primarily found in marine habitats. (They are rarely found in freshwater, they are mostly found in salt and brackish water.)
Simple branched filamentous form of Phaeophyceae
Ectocarpus
Profusely branched form of Phaeophyceae are
Kelps, they can reach a height of 100 meters.
Kelps can reach a maximum height of ?
100 m (Kelps belong to Phaeophyceae).
Main pigments possessed by Phaeophyceae
Chlorophyll a , carotenoids and xanthophyll and chlorophyll c (according to NCERT table)
Chlorophyll a, carotenoids and xanthophyll are the man pigments of?
Phaeophyceae
Phaeophyceae vary in color from olive green to brown depending upon
the amount of the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin is present in them.
Varying the amount of fucoxanthin in Phaeophyceae
varies their color from olive green to brown.
In Phaeophyceae food is stored as
complex carbohydrates, laminarin and mannitol.
Laminarin and Mannitol are
complex carbohydrates in the form of which Phaeophyceae store food.
Cell walls of Phaeophyceae
Made up of cellulose but covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating called algin.
Gelatinous coating on Phaeophyceae cell wall is
Algin. Algin is also the hydrocolloid ( water holding substance) produced by brown algae.
Protoplast in Phaeophyceae contains
Plastids, a centrally located vacuole and nucleus,
Plant body of Phaeophyceae
Attached to the substratum by the Holdfast (root like organs)
Stalk - Stipe (stem like organ)
Photosynthetic organ - Frond (leaf like structure)
Therefore plant body of Phaeophyceae is made up of holdfast, stipe and frond.
Leaf like organ in the plant body of Phaeophyceae
Frond
Stem like organ in the plant body of Phaeophyceae
Stipe
Root like organ in the plant body of Phaeophyceae
Holdfast
Vegetative reproduction in Phaeophyceae
Fragmentation.
Asexual reproduction in Phaeophyceae
By zoospores. The zoospores are biflagellate structures that are pear shaped and have two unequal laterally attached flagella.
Structure of zoospores of Phaeophyceae
Biflagellate, pear shaped with two unequal laterally attached flagella.
Sexual reproduction in Phaeophyceae
May be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous. Union may occur in water or within the oogonium. The gametes are pyriform ( pear shaped ) and bear two laterally attached flagella.
Gametes in Phaeophyceae
Pyriform (pear shaped) with two laterally attached flagella.
Examples of Phaeophyceae
Ectocarpus Dictyota Laminaria Sargassum Fucus
Ectocarpus belongs to?
Phaeophyceae
Dictyota belongs to?
Phaeophyceae
Laminaria belongs to?
Phaeophyceae
Sargassum belongs to?
Phaeophyceae
Fucus belongs to?
Phaeophyceae
Which is the predominant pigment in Rhodophyceae ?
r - phycoerythrin : the red pigment (Pigments in Rhodophyceae are chlorophyll a, d and phycoerythrin)
Majority of red algae habitats are
Marine, with a greater concentration found in warmer areas. (Some are also present in fresh water and brackish water but most are present in salt water)
Where in the water do Rhodophyceae occur?
Both in the well lighted regions close to the surface and at great depths in the ocean where little light penetrates.
Thalli of red algae are
Multicellular
Body organization of Red Algae is
complex. Algae have complex body organization.
Food in Rhodophyceae is stored as
Floridean starch which is similar in structure to glycogen and amylopectin.
Floridean starch is similar in structure to
Glycogen and amylopectin.
Vegetative reproduction in Rhodophyceae
Fragmentation
Asexual reproduction in Rhodophyceae
Non - motile spores
Sexual reproduction in Rhodophyceae
Oogamous and non motile gametes reproduce sexually accompanied by complex post fertilization developments.
Cell wall in Rhodophyceae is
Cellulose, pectin and poly sulphate esters
Flagellar number in Green Algae
2,8 - Equal and Apical
Flagellar number in Brown Algae
2 - Unequal and lateral
Are flagella present in Red Algae?
No. Flagella are absent in Rhodophyceae.
Examples of Rhodophyceae are
Porphyra
Polysiphonia
Gracilaria
Gelidium
Porphyra belongs to
Rhodophyceae
Polysiphonia belongs to
Rhodophyceae
Gracilaria belongs to
Rhodophyceae
Gelidium belongs to
Rhodophyceae
Bryophytes are divided into
Livermorts and mosses
Livermorts and mosses commonly grow in
Moist shaded areas in the hills - damp humid and shaded localities.
What are amphibians of the plant kingdom?
Bryophytes are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
Why are bryophytes called the amphibians of the plant kingdom?
They live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.
What important role do bryophytes play?
They play an important role in plant succession on bare rocks / soil.
Compared to algae, plant body of bryophytes is?
Plant body bryophytes is more differentiated than algae.
Plant body of bryophytes is
Thallus like - prostrate or erect attached to the substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids.
They lack true roots, stems and leaves. They possess root like, stem like and leaf like structures.
Main plant body of the bryophyte is
Gametophyte. It is haploid and produces gametes, so the main plant body of the bryophytes is called the gametophyte.
Sex organs in bryophytes are uni or multicellular?
Multicellular
Male sex organ of Bryophytes is
The male sex organ of the bryophytes is the antheridium. It produces biflagellate antherozoids.
Female sex organ of Bryophytes is
Female sex organ of bryophytes is Archegonium it is flask shaped and produces a single egg.
Fertilization in Bryophytes
The antherozoids released in water come in contact with the archegonium. The antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce a zygote. The zygotes do not undergo reduction division, they form a multicellular structure called the sporophyte.
What is the sporophyte in Bryophytes?
A zygote is produced when the male and female gametes of the bryophytes fuse. This structure is diploid and grows into the sporophyte. The sporophyte of bryophytes is not free living and is attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nutrition from it. Some cells of the sporophyte undergo reduction division to form haploid spores, which produce gametophytes.
Is the sporophyte in bryophytes independent?
The sporophyte in gametophytes is not independent. It It is attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nutrition from it.
How does the sporophyte produce the gametophyte in Bryophytes?
Some cells of the sporophyte undergo reduction division (meiosis) to produce spores which germinate to produce gametophytes.
Are bryophytes of immense economic importance?
No, they are not of immense economic importance but they provide food for herbaceous mammals, birds and other animals.
What is the use of the moss Sphagnum?
The moss Sphagnum provides peat to that has been used as a packing material for trans shipment of living material for it’s ability to hold water.
What has been used as a packing material for trans shipment of living material for it’s ability to hold water?
Peat produced from the moss Sphagnum.
Why is peat used as a packing material for trans shipment of living material
For it’s ability to hold water. Peat is produced by the moss Sphagnum.
Why are mosses of great ecological importance?
Because mosses along with lichens are the first to colonize rocks. They decompose rocks and make the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants. Mosses form dense mats on the soil, reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.
How do mosses prevent soil erosion?
They form dense mats on the soil, and reduce the impact of rain, preventing soil erosion.
Where do liverworts grow?
Liverworts grow in moist shady habitats. Eg Banks of the stream Marshy ground Damp soil Bark of trees Deep in the woods.
Plant body of the liverwort is?
Plant body of a liverwort is thalloid.
Thallus of liverwort is?
Thallus of liverwort is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the substrate.
Plant body of leafy liverworts has?
Plant body of leafy liverworts has tiny leaf like appendages in two rows on the stem like structure.
Asexual reproduction of liverworts takes place by
Fragmentation of thalli or by formation of specialized structures called gemmae.
What are gemmae? (Liverworts)
Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds which develop in small receptacles called gemmae cups located on the thalli. Gemmae detach from the plant body and germinate to form new individuals.
What are gemmae cups? (Liverworts)
Gemmae cups are receptacles on liverworts which produce gemmae.
How are male and female sex organs produced in liverworts?
In liverworts, male and female sex organs can be produced on the same thalli or on different thalli.
Sporophyte in liverworts is differentiated into?
Foot seta and capsule. Example of liverwort is MARCHANTIA
Foot, seta and capsule are different organs of
Sporophyte of liverworts.
After meiosis, in liverworts, where are spores produced?
After meiosis spores are produced in the capsule in liverworts. These spores germinate to produce gametophytes.
Prominent stage of the life cycle of a moss is?
Prominent stage of the life cycle is the gametophyte, which consists of two stages - protonema and leafy stage.
First stage of the moss gametophyte is the
Protonema. Protonema develops directly from the spore and it is a creeping
green
branched
and frequently filamentous stage.
What is the protonema of a moss?
Protonema develops directly from the spore and it is a creeping, green, branched, frequently filamentous structure. It is the first stage of a moss gametophyte.
What is the second stage of the moss gametophyte?
The leafy stage is the second stage of the moss gametophyte. It develops from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud. It consists of an upright slender axis bearing spirally arranged leaves. They arise through the soil with the help of uni and multicellular rhizoids. The leafy stage bears the sex organs.
From where does the leafy stage of the mosses arise?
The leafy stage of the mosses arises from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud.
Which stage of the moss gametophyte bears sex organs?
The leafy stage.
Vegetative reproduction in the mosses is by?
Fragmentation and budding of the secondary protonema.
What are the sex organs in mosses?
The sex organs in mosses are antheridia and archegonia.
Where are the sex organs of mosses produced?
The sex organs in mosses are antheridia and archegonia. They are produced at the apex of the leafy shoot.
Sporophyte of mosses is differentiated into
Foot seta and capsule. It is more elaborate than that of liverworts.
Spore dispersion in mosses?
Spores are formed after the meiosis of the sporophyte in mosses. Mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersion.
Examples of mosses are?
Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum
Funaria is an example of
Moss
Polytrichum is an example of
Moss
Sphagnum is an example of
Moss
