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Plant Physiology > Plant immunity to pathogens > Flashcards

Plant immunity to pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes

A

Large multicellualr animals (like worms)

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2
Q

Oomycete

A

Fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms

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3
Q

Phytopathology

A 
Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).
(Not including insects, mites or other stuff that eat the plant tissue.)
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4
Q

Disease triangle

A

Host (susceptible to pathogen), pathogen (overcome plant defenses), environment (must be in favor of pathogen)

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5
Q

Disease pyramid

A

The disease triangle + the human factor (growing practice, migration of plants and people, introducing pathogens, etc.)

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6
Q

What defenses does the plant have against pathogens?

A

Physical barriers - cuticle, cell wall

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7
Q

How can pathogens enter the cell despite the physical barriers?

A

Through wounds or stomata

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8
Q

אפרסוריום

A

תא מסויום בפטריות פתוגניות שמשמת לפריצת דופן התא של הצמח

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9
Q

Necrotroph

A

Necrotrophs kill cells and then consume the contents

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10
Q

Biotroph

A

Biotrophs live within host tissue without causing death

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11
Q

Hemibiotrophs

A

Hemibiotrophs can switch from biotroph to necrotroph

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12
Q

What are the defense responses of a plant?

A
  • Increase synthesis of stress hormone
  • Up regulate pathogenesis-related (PR) genes
  • Synthesis of antibicrobial compounds
  • Producing reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • Production of polysaccaride callose
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13
Q

Phytoanticipins

A

Secondary metabolites that provide a constant defense

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14
Q

Phytoalexins

A

Secondary metabolites synthesized in response to a pathogen

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15
Q

PTI

A

Pattern Triggered Immunity:
In response to a signal from a receptor on the membrane:
* kinase cascade leading to transcriptional responses
* calcium ion influx
* reactive oxygen production

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16
Q

PRR

A

Pattern recognition receptors

חלבונים שיודעים לזהות פתוגנים

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17
Q

LRR

A

Leucine rich repeat - part of the pattern recognition receptors

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18
Q

Effectors

A

Proteins secreted by the bacteria that repress the PTI (Pattern Triggered Immunity) mechanisims

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19
Q

R proteins

A

R proteins are LRR (leucine rich repeat) that recognize effectors and have a stronger defensive response

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20
Q

ETI vs PTI

A

Effector-Triggered Immunity is faster, stronger and more prolonged than PTI

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21
Q

ETI

A

Effector-Triggered Immunity

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22
Q

The zig-zag model

A

Pathogen is recognized –> Pattern triggered immunity (PTI) –> Pathogen effectors suppress defense response (Effector triggered susceptibility) –>
Effector is recognized and you have the effector triggered immunity (ETI)

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23
Q

Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)

A

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a “whole-plant” resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen.
I.e., uninfected tissues show enhanced resistance to pathogens that attacked a different part of the plant

24
Q

תפקידים של חומצה סליצילית

Salicylic Acid

A
  • Systemic acquired resistance
  • Induces defense responses
  • Reponses to biotrophic pathogens
25
Q

What causes sythesis of salicylic acid?

A

The pathogen.

26
Q

MeSA

A

A derivative of SA (salicylic acid) that plays a role in long distance singling (between plants)
מתנדף בקלות

27
Q

Hypersensitive response (HR)

A

The hypersensitive response (HR) is a mechanism, used by plants, to prevent the spread of infection by microbial pathogens. The HR is characterized by the rapid death of cells in the local region surrounding an infection

28
Q

מי מפעיל את ה

hypersensitive response?

A

R proteins and salicyclic acid

29
Q

Herbivory

A

Herbivory is the consumption of plant material by animals, and herbivores are animals adapted to eat plant

30
Q

Jasmonate JA acid

A

Response to necrotrophic pathogens and anti-herbivory responses
Can move between plants because it’s very
נדיף

31
Q

מה מנגנון הפעולה של

JA?

A

משנה ביטוי גנים על ידי שיחרור רפרסוריים

32
Q

How do plants overcome being eaten by insects?

A

They produce proteinase (enzyme that breaks down protein) inhibitors that interfere with the insect digestion and kill it

33
Q

What are the two mechanisms for passing signals between plants?

A
  1. Volatile organic compound
    חומרים נדיפים
  2. Common mycorrhizal networks
34
Q

קו אבולוציה בין צמחים לבין חרקים טורפים

A

זחל אוכל צמח שיש בו חומרים שעוברים פירוק ומתנדפים. החומרים האלו מהווים סיגנל לחרקים טורפים לזחל ואלו מחסלים את הזחלים

35
Q

Biotrophic

A

Biotrophs live within host tissue without causing death

36
Q

Hemibiotrophs

A

Hemibiotrophs can switch from biotroph to necrotroph

37
Q

Necrotrophs

A

Necrotrophs kill cells and then consume the contents

38
Q

What chemical “deals” with biotrophic organisms

A

Salicylic acid

39
Q

What chemical “deals” with necrotrophic organisms?

A

Jasmonates

40
Q

Why are Salicylic acid and Jasmonates mutually antagonistic?

A

Because SA “deals” with biotrophic organisms (who want to keep the plant alive) and Jasmonates “deals” with necrotrophs who want to kill the plant

41
Q

What role does ethylene play in defense?

A

The gene FLS2 which is responsible for pathogen recognition is regulated by ethylene

42
Q

What happens if a plant is impaired in ethylene responses?

A

The plant won’t recognize pathogen and will therefore be more susceptible

43
Q

What effect does ethylene have on plant leaves?

A

Senescence

אתלין מגביר הזדקנות של עלים ועלי כותרת

44
Q

What effect does ethylene have on fruit and flowers?

A

Ethylene shortens the “life” of flowers and fruit.

Promotes fruit softening and flavor and color development

45
Q

What can be used to extend fruit shelf life?

A

Limit ethylene effects by limiting production, removal from air or interfere with binding to a receptor

46
Q

What’s unique about ethylene as a hormone?

A
  • Gas
  • Hydrophobic
  • Very small
47
Q

What processes does ethylene play a part in?

A
  • fruit ripening
  • leaf and petal senescence
  • cell division and elongation (promotes)
  • root growth
  • stress responses
  • wound responses
  • sex determination
48
Q

What happens if there is flooding?

A

Roots can’t take up oxygen and become hypoxic which causes ethylene production –>
התארכות הפרקים

49
Q

ACC synthase

A

האנזים הראשון ביצירת אתלין, קובע את רמת האתילן שתיווצר

50
Q

What effects does ethylene have in etiolated seedlings?

A
  1. Reduced elongation
  2. Hypocotyl swelling
  3. Apical hook exaggeration
51
Q

What type of regulation do ethylene regulated genes have?

A

Negative -

Ethylene binds to a receptor releases a protein and that permits transcription

52
Q

איזה רצפטור יש לאתילן?

A

אטום מתכת

53
Q

Climacteric fruit

A

The climacteric is a stage of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration.

54
Q

Which hormone initiates the ripening process

A

ethylene

55
Q

How do defense responses effect growth rate?

A

They reduce the growth rate

Plant Physiology (22 decks)

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