Plant Growth And Development

Question 1

Plants Double fertilization

Answer 1

1) binding of the egg and sperm cells (syngamy) resulting in the zygote and
2) the addition of the sperm to the bi-nucleate central cell of ovule.

Question 2

Syngamy

Answer 2

binding of the egg and sperm cells

Question 3

Where is the single called zygote formed

Answer 3

In the ovule within the carpel.

Question 4

Explain the first cell division

Answer 4

Results in two cells, basal and apical. Show expression of WOX2 and WOX8/9 genes.

Question 5

The gene family responsible for these divisions of cells in zygote are

Answer 5

WUSCHEL related homeobox (WOX)

Question 6

second division stage resulting in ____ cells

Answer 6

4

Question 7

What genes are shown in second division stage

Answer 7

WOX2 and WOX8/9 genes

Question 8

How does apical cell divide in second division stage

Answer 8

vertically producing two side-by-side cells

Question 9

How does basal cell divides during the second division

Answer 9

horizontally producing one cell on top of the other

Question 10

Third division stage results in ___ cells

Answer 10

8

Question 11

How does third division stage works

Answer 11

the two apical cells divide horizontally resulting in an
apical domain, under the control of the WOX 2 gene
and a central domain, under the control of WOX 9 gene
the basal cells continue to divide horizontally resulting in a
hypophysis cell controlled by WOX8/WOX9 genes
and a suspensor controlled by the WOX8 gene

Question 12

WOX genes also establish _______ and __________ of __________ transport between cells in the developing embryo.

Answer 12

Production, directionality of auxin (growth hormone)

Question 13

At the very first cell division, the ______ cell produces auxin that is then transported to the _____ cell (one-way!).

Answer 13

Basal, apical

Question 14

8-16 cell division is called

Answer 14

the globular stage

Question 15

following the division from the 8 to 16-cell division (referred to as the globular stage), cells in the ______ produce auxin that is then transported to the _______ cells

Answer 15

Apical domain, central domain.

Question 16

After the globular cell division, auxin transport becomes more complicated with auxin production in the center of the _______ and the _____

Answer 16

apical domain and the hypophysis

Question 17

Structure of auxin transportation resembles the shape of

Answer 17

A heart

Question 18

Further cell division is completed with a characteristic embryo developed with three major regions:

Answer 18

epicotyl
cotyledon
radicle

Question 19

Epicotyl

Answer 19

dominated by the shoot meristem derived from the center of the apical domain line of cells

Question 20

Cotylédon

Answer 20

derived from remaining apical domain cell lines

Question 21

Radicle

Answer 21

including cells of the central domain and hypophysis which will become the stem/root

Question 22

plant seed is generally composed of four parts:

Answer 22

1) embryo, 2) cotyledon, 3) endosperm, and 4) seed coat.

Question 23

cotyledon (in embryo)

Answer 23

often referred to as a “leaf.”
a specialized storage unit that is utilized by the seed following germination and seedling emergence
in flowering plants two groups are found, one with a single cotyledon (monocot) and one with two cotyledons (dicot)
monocots are considered to have evolved from early angiosperms, particularly aquatic plants like water lilies

Question 24

Endosperm

Answer 24

energy compound rich material (starch, oils) used for rapid growth following germination

Question 25

SAM

Answer 25

Shoot apical meristems

Question 26

RAM

Answer 26

Root apical meristem

Question 27

In SAM, WHERE IS THE OC (organizing centre) located

Answer 27

Right below the stem cells

Question 28

In RAM, where is the QC (quiescent center) located

Answer 28

In the middle, between stem cells

Question 29

SAM and RAM are considered _______ (pre or post) embryonic meristems. Meaning.

Answer 29

Pré. Meaning that they have develop before germination happens

Question 30

Cells in OC expresses ____ genes

Answer 30

WUS genes, wuschel gene

Question 31

WUS in the OC causes the stem cells to _____ and for ____ gene to be produced

Answer 31

Divide/increase in division, CLV3

Question 32

Negative feedback in SAM OC

Answer 32

Wus gene is released, releasing CLV3 and causing an increase in cell division, CLV3 binds with CLV1, therefore stopping WUS to be released.

Question 33

In the RAMS, which gene expression is showing and where?

Answer 33

WUSCHEL HOMEOBOX (WOX5) occurs in QC

Question 34

In RAM, wox5 induces ______ and CLÉ peptides induce____

Answer 34

Stem cells (pluripotency), cell differentiation.

Question 35

CLÉ peptides binds with _____ receptors, inhibiting ____ gene.

Answer 35

ACR4, WOX5

Question 36

Organogenesis is

Answer 36

When SAM And RAM loses control, resulting in cell differentiation in the plants

Question 37

In the stages of leaf development, what are the 3 suborgan domains on the leaf

Answer 37

Dorsiventral (the backside of leaf), proximodistal (from the apical to basal/ in to out), centrolateral (from the Magin to the blade/ from the ribs to the edge)

Question 38

L1 layer of leaf forms the

Answer 38

Epidermis

Question 39

L2 of leaf forms the

Answer 39

Photosynthetic mesophill cells

Question 40

L3 of leaves form

Answer 40

Vascular elements and bundle sheaths cells

Question 41

3 secondary meristems

Answer 41

Floral, intercalary, lateral.

Question 42

Are secondary meristem post or pré embryonic. What does it mean.

Answer 42

Post. Meaning that it develop after germination

Question 43

Intercalary secondary meristems

Answer 43

Found within organs near bases, enable plants to fix itself

Question 44

Lateral secondary meristems

Answer 44

Forms vascular and cork Cambrium.