Plant/Grain Foods Flashcards
Canada sell this product number in highest quantity
Wheat (Cereal grain)
List 3 major cereal crops grown in canada
Wheat, Barley, Oat
List 2 Major oilseed crops grow in Canada
Canola, soybean
List 3 major pulse grains grain crops grown in Canada
Chickpeas, lentils, peas
Where is the major storage for starch in monocots vs dicots
monocots = major storage in endosperm
Dicot = major storage in cotyledons
Define how is Barley classified?
Based on amylose content
Regular = 20-25%
Waxy = 10%
High = >40%
What is high vs low beta-glucan & what is it?
a soluble fiber component, reduced cholesterol
high (good for humans) = anything past 5%
Low (like beer) = anything less than 5%
Define how Wheat is classified?
Based on gluten protein content
soft = 8-10% (noodles)
hard = 12-14%
durum = 14-15% (structure)
Hull vs Hull-less
Hull is the outer layer of the kernel - b/w then there is a binding agent that locks them together
Through genetic variation, farmers are able to make a phenotype with less connecting compound so the hull comes off during harvesting (wheat is usually hull-less, remain attaches in rice, barley, oat - can be modified)
2 vs 6 row barley
2: more space to grow, more plumb, more starch
6: kernels are lean, less starch
What is the aleurone layer?
The cell layer between the bran and the endosperm that has the capability to secrete enzymes when triggered by hormones
Which plant food contains more than a 1 cell aleurone layer?
Barley - 2-3 cell layer = ability to secrete more enzymes
Where is starch found in cereal grains
embedded within the protein matrix
Structural component of Cereal grains
50-83% Endosperm
6-15% Bran (aleurone)
2-12% Germ
10-20% Hull
When is the germ layer bigger for cereal grains?
in corn - germ is 30%
LEAR vs HEAR
LEAR - low erucic acid rapeseed (Canola)
HEAR - high erucic acid rapeseed (Rapeseed)
- High is detrimental to human health, because of glucosinolate, gives us liver problems - minimizing gives us canola
Why must flaxseeds be broken down?
They are a high source of omega-3 but if not broken down / grinded - the omega 3 is not bioavailable
Soybean vs Canola (protein and oil)
Canola - 40% oil, 20% Protein
Soy: 40% protein, 20% oil
Structural components of oilseeds
Seed: Testa, nucellular, aleurone, endosperm,
- Soybean 10-12% -Canola 18%
Embryo:
- Root and shoot (2%)
Cotyledons (>85%): storage, protein, oil, vit,
Highest starch containing grain
Corn
Why are pulses slowly digested or resistant starch
because of co-crystallization of amylose + amylopectin which makes it tough for enzymes to digest
Where would you see an increase in protein for pulses?
mungbean and faba bean can be up to 30%
Primary value-add examples
Milling, pearling, cleaning, polishing, dehulling, parboiling
