Plant Form: Cells, Tissues, Organs

Question 1

What do plants have?

Answer 1

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Question 2

What do plant cells specificially contain?

Answer 2

Chloroplast, cell wall, and intracellular vacuoles

Question 3

What does the cell wall do?

Answer 3

Provide structure and support

Question 4

What are the two layers of the cell wall?

Answer 4

Primary and Secondary cell walls

Question 5

What is the primary cell wall?

Answer 5

Forms the outermost layer

Question 6

What is the secondary cell wall?

Answer 6

Froms a tough layer inside the primary wall

Question 7

What is the middle lamella?

Answer 7

a sticky layer that lies between adjacent plant cells

Question 8

What are plasmodesmata?

Answer 8

Openings in cells walls that allow cells to communicate and exchange materails easily

Question 9

What are the five major types of plant cells?

Answer 9

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, water-conducting and food-conducting

Question 10

What are parenchyma cells?

Answer 10

• most abundant type of cell in most plants
• usually have only a thin and flexible primary cell wall
• perform most of the metabolic functions of a plant
• can divide and differentiate into other types of plant cells under
  certain conditions

Question 11

What are collenchyma cells?

Answer 11

• lack a secondary cell wall
• have an unevenly thickened primary cell wall
• provide flexible support in actively growing parts of the
  plant

Question 12

What are sclerenchyma cells?

Answer 12

• have a thick secondary cell wall usually strengthened with
  lignin (main chemical component of wood)
• cannot elongate at maturity (found only in regions of the
  plant that have stopped growing in length)
• most sclerenchyma cells are dead at maturity (their cell
  walls forming a rigid “skeleton” that supports the plant)

Question 13

What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells?

Answer 13

Fibers (long and slender, bundles) and sclereids (shorter, thick irregular and very hard secondary cell walls)

Question 14

What is ground tissue?

Answer 14

supports vascular tissue, stores water and sugars, and is the site of photosynthesis

Question 15

Where is ground tissue found?

Answer 15

leaf (pallisade and spondy msophyll) , stem (cortex, pith) , and root (endodermis, pericycle)

Question 16

What is dermal tissue?

Answer 16

plant epidermis, the outer layer of tissue that surrounds the primary body of vascular plants (covers and protects the plant;controls gas exchange)

Question 17

Where is dermal tissue found?

Answer 17

leaf (cutical epidermis), stem (epidermis) , root (root hair)

Question 18

What is vascular tissue?

Answer 18

complex transporting tissue (water and minerals and sugars)

Question 19

Where is vascular tissue found?

Answer 19

leaf, stem, and root; all as sylem and phloem

Question 20

what are the plant organs?

Answer 20

Leaf, stem, root

Question 21

Which tissue type deals with water and food conducting cells?

Answer 21

Vascular tissue

Question 22

True or False: Xylem is apart of the water-conducting cells

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or False: Phloem deals with food-conducting cells

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What is xylem tissue made of?

Answer 24

Tracheids, vessel elements, and xylem parenchyma
* rigid, lignin-containing secondary
cell walls
* dead at maturity
* form chains with overlapping
ends that create tubes within
vascular tissue

Question 25

What is phloem tissue made of?

Answer 25

* Sieve-tube elements *companion cells *phloem parenchyma *phloem fibers § are alive at maturity

Question 26

Where are leaves attached to the plant?

Answer 26

Nodes

Question 27

What is an internode?

Answer 27

the stem region between two nodes

Question 28

What is the petiole?

Answer 28

stalk connecting the leaf to the stem

Question 29

why are there stem modifications?

Answer 29

they enable plants to thrive in a variety of environments

Question 30

What is the difference between tap root systems and fibrous root systems?

Answer 30

tap root systems have a main root that grows down, while fibrous root systems consist of many small roots

Question 31

What are the two main organ systems in vascular plants?

Answer 31

shoot and root systems

Question 32

What parts make up the shoot system?

Answer 32

Leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits

Question 33

What is the function of the shoot system?

Answer 33

Absorbs light for photosynthesis and contains reproductive structures

Question 34

What is the function of the root system?

Answer 34

Anchors the plant and absorbs water and minerals from soil

Question 35

What is meristematic tissue?

Answer 35

tissue comosed of actively dividing cells that contribute to plant growth

Question 36

What is permanent tissue?

Answer 36

tissue composed of cells that have differentiated and no longer divide

Question 37

Where are apical meristems found, and what is their function?

Answer 37

At the tipes of stems and roots; they enable the plant to grow in length

Question 38

Where are lateral meristems found, and what is their function?

Answer 38

Along the sides of stems and roots; they facilitate growth in thickness

Question 39

What is the main function of stems?

Answer 39

Stems provide support to the plant, hold leaves, flowers, and buds, transport water, minerals, and sugars, and may store food.

Question 40

What are nodes and internodes?

Answer 40

Nodes are points of attachment for leaves, aerial roots, and flowers. Internodes are stem regions between two nodes.

Question 41

What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?

Answer 41

Primary growth increases stem length (apical meristem), while secondary growth increases stem thickness (lateral meristem).

Question 42

What is the function of dermal tissue in stems?

Answer 42

It protects the plant and regulates gas exchange through stomata. In woody plants, it forms bark.

Question 43

What are vascular bundles, and how are they arranged in dicots and monocots?

Answer 43

Vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem. In dicots, they are arranged in a ring, while in monocots, they are scattered throughout the ground tissue.

Question 44

What are the three types of ground tissue cells?

Answer 44

Parenchyma (metabolism, storage, healing), collenchyma (structural support), and sclerenchyma (rigid support, often dead at maturity).

Question 45

What is the difference between tracheids and vessel elements in xylem?

Answer 45

Tracheids have thick walls with pits for water movement, while vessel elements have perforation plates for efficient water transport.

Question 46

What are sieve-tube elements, and what is their function?

Answer 46

Sieve-tube elements are phloem cells that transport sugars. They are supported by companion cells.

Question 47

What are annual rings in a tree trunk?

Answer 47

Annual rings form due to seasonal variations in xylem growth, indicating the tree’s age.

Question 48

What are examples of modified stems?

Answer 48

Rhizomes (ginger), tubers (potato), stolons (strawberry), corms (crocus), and bulbs (onion).

Question 49

What is the difference between the cortex and pith?

Answer 49

The cortex is the ground tissue between the vascular tissue and epidermis, while the pith is the inner ground tissue inside the vascular ring.

Question 50

What are adventitious roots?

Answer 50

Roots that emerge above the ground from the shoot, often for support or gas exchange.

Question 51

What are the two regions of ground tissue in roots?

Answer 51

Cortex: Between the epidermis and vascular tissue, stores photosynthetic products. Pith: Located in the center of monocot roots, stores nutrients.

Question 52

What are some examples of food-storage roots?

Answer 52

Carrots, turnips, and beets store nutrients in their tap roots.

Question 53

What are aerial roots, and which plants have them?

Answer 53

Aboveground roots that provide support, such as in banyan trees and orchids.

Question 54

What are prop roots, and what is their function?

Answer 54

Thick, aboveground roots that support plants in unstable soils (e.g., screwpine, corn).

Question 55

What are epiphytic roots?

Answer 55

Roots that allow a plant to grow on another plant, often absorbing moisture from the air (e.g., orchids).

Question 56

What are the three main types of leaf arrangements on a stem?

Answer 56

Alternate, opposite, and whorled.

Question 57

What are the two main types of venation patterns in leaves?

Answer 57

Parallel venation (monocots) and reticulate venation (dicots).

Question 58

What is the difference between simple and compound leaves?

Answer 58

Simple leaves have a single, undivided blade, while compound leaves have multiple leaflets attached to a rachis.

Question 59

What is the role of vascular bundles in leaves?

Answer 59

They contain xylem (transports water) and phloem (transports nutrients).