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plant diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the closest relatives of land plants?

A

Charophytes (green algae)

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2
Q

What traits do land plants share with charophytes?

A

1.Rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
2. Peroxisome enzymes
3. Structure of flagellated sperm
4. Formation of phragmoplast

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3
Q

What prevents exposed zygotes from drying out in charophytes?

A

A layer of durable polymer called sporopollenin

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4
Q

Where else is sporopollenin found in plants?

A

In plant spore walls

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5
Q

What advantages did the movement of charophyte ancestors onto land provide?

A
  • Unfiltered sun
  • More plentiful CO2
  • Nutrient-rich soil
  • Few herbivores or pathogens
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6
Q

What challenges did the move to land present for charophyte ancestors?

A
  • Scarcity of water
  • Lack of structural support
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7
Q

What may the accumulation of traits that facilitated survival on land have opened the way to?

A

Colonization of land by plants

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8
Q

What are systematists currently debating regarding the plant kingdom?

A

The boundaries of the plant kingdom

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9
Q

What do some biologists propose regarding the expansion of the plant kingdom?

A

Including some or all green algae

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10
Q

How are plants currently defined in light of the ongoing debate?

A

As embryophytes, plants with embryo

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11
Q

What are the derived traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in charophytes?

A
  1. Alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos
  2. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  3. Multicellular gametangia
  4. Apical meristems
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12
Q

Question: What is alternation of generations in plants?

A

A reproductive cycle where plants alternate between two multicellular stages.

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13
Q

Describe the gametophyte stage in alternation of generations.

A

The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis.

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14
Q

What happens during fusion of gametes in alternation of generations?

A

Fusion of gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte.

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15
Q

What does the sporophyte produce and how in alternation of generations?

A

The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis

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16
Q

How is the diploid embryo retained in land plants?

A

The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte.

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17
Q

How are nutrients transferred from parent to embryo in land plants?

A

Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells.

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18
Q

Why are land plants called embryophytes?

A

Land plants are called embryophytes because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent.

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19
Q

Where are spores produced in land plants?

A

Spores are produced in organs called sporangia.

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20
Q

What type of cells undergo meiosis to generate spores?

A

Diploid cells called sporocytes undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores.

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21
Q

What is the role of sporopollenin in spore walls?

A

Sporopollenin makes spore walls resistant to harsh environme

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22
Q

Where are gametes produced in land plants?

A

Gametes are produced within organs called gametangia.

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23
Q

What is the function of female gametangia in land plants?

A

Female gametangia, called archegonia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization.

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24
Q

What is the function of male gametangia in land plants?

A

Male gametangia, called antheridia, produce and release sperm.

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25
What is the nature of plant growth?
Plant growth is modular, occurring in repeated units.
26
Where does continual growth occur in plants?
Continual growth occurs in apical meristems
27
What happens to meristem cells in plant growth?
Meristem cells differentiate into various tissues.
28
What is the role of meristematic growth in plants?
Meristematic growth is equivalent to human stem cells, driving plant growth and development.
29
What is the cuticle in land plants?
The cuticle is a waxy covering of the epidermis.
30
What are mycorrhizae in land plants?
Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may help plants without true roots to obtain nutrients.
31
What are secondary compounds in land plants?
Secondary compounds are substances that deter herbivores and parasites.
32
When did fossil evidence suggest that plants were on land?
Fossil evidence indicates that plants were on land at least 475 million years ago.
33
What evidence supports the presence of plants on land 475 million years ago?
Fossilized spores and tissues have been extracted from 475-million-year-old rocks.
34
How can land plants be informally grouped?
Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue.
35
What are vascular plants?
Vascular plants are those with vascular tissue.
36
What are nonvascular plants commonly called?
Nonvascular plants are commonly called bryophytes.
37
Are bryophytes a monophyletic group?
No, bryophytes are not a monophyletic group. Their relationships to each other and to vascular plants are unresolved.
38
What are the two main clades of seedless vascular plants?
Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives) and Pterophytes (ferns and their relatives).
39
How are seedless vascular plants classified in terms of biological organization?
Seedless vascular plants are paraphyletic and are of the same level of biological organization, known as a grade.
40
What are the two main clades of seed plants?
Gymnosperms, the "naked seed" plants, including conifers, and Angiosperms, the flowering plants.
41
What are the three phyla of small herbaceous plants representing bryophytes? Answer:
1. Liverworts, phylum Hepatophyta 2.Hornworts, phylum Anthocerophyta 3. Mosses, phylum Bryophyta
42
What is the difference between "Bryophyte" and "Bryophyta"?
- Bryophyte refers to all nonvascular plants. - Bryophyta refers specifically to the phylum of mosses.
43
What is the relationship between gametophytes and sporophytes in bryophytes?
In all three bryophyte phyla, gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes.
44
When are sporophytes typically present in bryophytes?
Sporophytes are typically present only part of the time in bryophytes.
45
What does a spore germinate into in bryophytes?
A spore germinates into a gametophyte composed of a protonema and a gamete-producing gametophore.
46
Why is the height of gametophytes in bryophytes constrained?
The height of gametophytes is constrained by the lack of vascular tissues.
47
How are gametophytes anchored to the substrate in bryophytes?
Rhizoids anchor gametophytes to the substrate.
48
What do mature gametophytes in bryophytes produce?
Mature gametophytes produce flagellated sperm in antheridia and an egg in each archegonium.
49
How do sperm in bryophytes reach and fertilize the egg?
Sperm swim through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg.
50
Sperm swim through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg.
Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of archegonia.
51
What are the components of a bryophyte sporophyte?
A bryophyte sporophyte consists of a foot, a seta (stalk), and a sporangium (capsule).
52
What are the characteristics of bryophyte sporophytes compared to other plant groups?
Bryophyte sporophytes are the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all extant plant groups.
53
What is the function of the sporangium in a bryophyte sporophyte?
The sporangium, also called a capsule, discharges spores through a peristome
54
How do hornwort and moss sporophytes differ from liverwort sporophytes in terms of gas exchange?
Hornwort and moss sporophytes have stomata for gas exchange, while liverworts do not.
55
In what types of environments are mosses commonly found?
Mosses are especially common in moist forests and wetlands.
56
What role do some mosses play in soil?
Some mosses might help retain nitrogen in the soil
57
What types of plants were prevalent during the first 100 million years of plant evolution?
Bryophytes and bryophyte-like plants were the prevalent vegetation during the first 100 million years of plant evolution.
58
When did vascular plants begin to diversify?
Vascular plants began to diversify during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods.
59
What advantage did vascular tissue provide to plants during their diversification?
Vascular tissue allowed these plants to grow tall.
60
What characteristics do seedless vascular plants typically have, and where are they usually found?
Seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm and are usually restricted to moist environments.
61
When do fossils of the forerunners of vascular plants date back to?
Fossils of the forerunners of vascular plants date back about 425 million years.
62
What characterized the early tiny plants that were the forerunners of vascular plants?
These early tiny plants had independent, branching sporophytes.
63
What are the characteristics of living vascular plants?
- Life cycles with dominant sporophytes - Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem - Well-developed roots and leaves.
64
How do the sporophytes of seedless vascular plants compare to those of bryophytes in terms of size?
Sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the larger generation, contrasting with bryophytes where gametophytes are dominant.
65
Describe the size of gametophytes in seedless vascular plants.
Gametophytes of seedless vascular plants are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface.
66
What are the two types of vascular tissue in vascular plants?
Xylem and phloem.
67
What is the primary function of xylem in vascular plants?
Xylem conducts most of the water and minerals.
68
What are the characteristics of water-conducting cells in xylem?
Water-conducting cells in xylem are strengthened by lignin and provide structural support.
69
What does phloem consist of and what does it distribute?
Phloem consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products.
70
How did the presence of vascular tissue contribute to the evolutionary advantage of vascular plants?
Vascular tissue allowed for increased height, providing an evolutionary advantage.
71
What are roots in vascular plants?
Roots are organs that anchor vascular plants and enable them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
72
How do roots contribute to the function of vascular plants?
Roots enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
73
What is one proposed evolutionary origin of roots?
Roots may have evolved from subterranean stems.
74
What is the function of leaves in vascular plants?
Leaves increase the surface area of vascular plants, capturing more solar energy for photosynthesis.
75
What are the two types of leaves?
Microphylls: Leaves with a single vein. Megaphylls: Leaves with a highly branched vascular system.
76
How did microphylls likely evolve according to one model?
Microphylls likely evolved as outgrowths of stems
77
What are sporophylls?
Sporophylls are modified leaves with sporangia.
78
How may megaphylls have evolved according to one model?
Megaphylls may have evolved as webbing between flattened branches.
79
What are sori?
Sori are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls.
80
What are strobili?
Strobili are cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls.
81
What is heterospory?
All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are heterosporous. Heterosporous species produce megaspores, which give rise to female gametophytes, and microspores, which give rise to male gametophytes.
82
What is homospory?
Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte.
83
What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants?
Phylum Lycophyta, which includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. Phylum Pterophyta, which includes ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and their relatives

BIO 112 Final (1 decks)

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