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BIOS TEST 2 > Plant Development I: Tissue Differentiation and Structure > Flashcards

Plant Development I: Tissue Differentiation and Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Plant Embrogenesis

A

after fertilization, the plant egg cell contains a gradient of a plant hormone called AUXIN
- one side of the cell has a high concentration while the other is low
- auxin behaves like a cytoplasmic determinant, setting up the apical and basal axis in the 1st cell division
- following fertilization of the ovule by sperm , the plant zygote divides asymmetrically which segregates the auxin

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2
Q

Apical

A

contains a high auxin concentration; this cell goes on to become the plant embryo. through multiple cell divisions the apical cell gives rise to
- cotyledons
- hypocotyl
- radicle

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3
Q

Basal

A

contains little auxin; this cell goes on to become a suspensor

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4
Q

Cotyledons

A

embryonic leaves; first leaves of the plant upon germination
- monocots have one while dicots have two
- formed from the apical cell

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5
Q

Hypocotyl

A

develops into the mature plant’s stem
- formed from the apical cell

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6
Q

Radicle

A

develops into the mature plant’s roots
- formed from the apical cell

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7
Q

Plant Body Organization

A

seeded plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms) have 2 organ systems:
- Root System
- Shoot System

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8
Q

Root System

A

support the plants and absorbs water and minerals; is usually underground

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9
Q

Shoot System

A

stems, leaves, and reproductive plant parts; generally grows above ground where it absorbs light for photosynthesis

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10
Q

Seeded Plant Organs

A
  • seeded plants have 3 organs: roots, stems, and leaves
  • seeded plants have 3 tissue types: ground, vascular, and dermal
  • EACH ORGAN CONTAINS ALL THREE TISSUES
  • each tissue is made up of different cell types and structures
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11
Q

Roots

A

the roots of seeded plants typically grow underground and have three main functions: anchoring the plant to the soil, absorbing water + minerals and transporting them to the shoot system, and storing photosynthesis products
- roots can be categorized as either a Tap Root System or Fibrous Root System

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12
Q

Tap Root System

A

a main root grows down vertically and many smaller lateral roots arise from the tap root
- tap roots penetrate deep into the soil and are advantageous in dry soil
- common in DICOTS (EX: dandelions)

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13
Q

Fibrous Root System

A

located closer to the surface and has a dense network of roots
- prevent soil erosion
- common in MONOCOTS (EX: grasses)

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14
Q

Different Root Adaptations

A
  • bulbous roots to store starch (EX: onions)
  • prop roots, a type of above-ground root that provide additional anchoring support
  • Pneumatophores are aboveground roots that facilitate gas exchange in plants that like in O2 poor waters like swamps
  • Some tap roots are adapted for sugar/starch storage (EX: carrots)
  • Epiphytic roots collect water and nutrients from air and dust, allowing a plant to grow on another plant
  • Haustoria parasitic root-like structures penetrate host plant tissues, allowing parasitism
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15
Q

Stems

A

part of the shoot system and are aboveground
- provide structural support to the plant, holding leaves, flowers, and buds
- connect the roots to the leaves, transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plants, and sugars from the leaves to desired locations
- STRUCTURE: nodes, internodes, apical bud, axillary bud

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16
Q

Nodes

A

point of attachment for leaves and flowers

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17
Q

Internodes

A

regions of stem between 2 nodes

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18
Q

Apical Bud

A

located at the tip of the shoot and contains the APICAL MERISTEM, the site of new growth above ground

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19
Q

Axillary Buds

A

may be present when a leaf meets a stem - sites where branches or flowers may be produced

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20
Q

Stem Types

A

stems range in length + diameter depending on the plant type and can grow above or below ground:
- HERBACEOUS: soft + green
- WOODY: hard + wooded
- UNBRANCHED: a single stem
- BRANCHED: have divisions and side stems

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21
Q

Leaves

A

main sites for photosynthesis due to the abundance of green chlorophyll in the leaf cells
- some leaves may have different colors caused by other plant pigments that mask the green chlorophyll
- STRUCTURE: petiole and veins

22
Q

Petiole

A

structure that attaches the lead to the stem
- some plants lack this and leaves attach directly to the stem

23
Q

Veins

A

bundles of vascular tissue that run through the leaf
- carry water and nutrients
- provide structural support

24
Q

Leaf Variation

A

the thickness, shape, and size of leaves are evolutionarily adapted to specific environments
- coniferous plants thrive in the cold and have smaller, needle-like leaves that have SUNKEN STOMATA (pits that allow gas exchange) and smaller SA to reduce water loss
- in hot climates, plant leaves that are reduced to spires and have succulent stems conserve water
- aquatic plants may have leaves with wide lamina to float and a waxy cuticle to repel water

25
Plant Tissues
fall into two general categories: Meristematic and Permanent
26
Meristematic Tissue
functionally equivalent to animal stem cells; undifferentiated cells that continue to divide and generate new cells and tissues - contribute to NEW GROWTH - produce cells that differentiate into the 3 main tissue types: dermal, vascular, or ground
27
Permanent Tissue
consists of plant cells that are no longer actively dividing
28
Dermal Tissue
covers and protects the plant, controls gas exchange, and leads water absorption; consists of these cells: - Epidermal Cells - Guard Cells - Root Hairs - Trichomes
29
Vascular Tissue
transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant; this tissue is made up of 2 specialized conducting tissues: 1. XYLEM: transports water and provides structural support 2. PHLOEM: transports sugars from photosynthesis sites to other plant parts THE XYLEM AND PHLOEM ALWAYS LIE ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER IN A VASCULAR BUNDLE
30
Ground Tissue
carries out different function based on cell type and location (including photosynthesis, structural support for the stem and vascular tissue, and water and sugar storage) - ALL THE OTHER TISSUE IN A PLANT THAT ISNT DEMRAL OR VASCULAR - composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, and schlerenchyma
31
Plant Cell Walls
- all plant cells have a PRIMARY cell wall, which are flexible and expand as the cell grows - some plants also have a SECONDARY cell wall, typically composed of lignin and are inflexible and important for support
32
Dermal Tissue: Epidermal Cells
the epidermis is a single layer of these cells that provide protections and are covered in a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss through evaporation in leaves and the stems - when in roots, these cells function in the opposite way of epidermal stem cells, and aid in water and mineral absorption, and lack a cuticle to allow for water absorption
33
Guard Cells
permit gas exchange for respiration and photosynthesis by surrounding stoma - controlling its opening and closing to regulate what goes in and out of the plant
34
Root Hairs
microscopy extensions of root epidermal cells that increase the surface area of the root, contributing to water and mineral absorption
35
Trichomes
spiky/hair-like structures on the epidermal surface of stems and leaves that reduce transpiration, increase solar reflectance, and store compounds to reduce herbivory predation
36
Vascular Tissue Cells
substances move THROUGH individual cells to get from one end to the other: - XYLEM TISSUE is composed of tracheids and vessel elements - PHLOEM TISSUE is composed of sieve and companion cells
37
Xylem Tissue
transports water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plants; composed of vessel elements and tracheids, both of which are tubular, elongated cells that conduct water - both cells are arranged end-to-end, with perforations called pits between adjacent cells to allow for the flow of water between cells - both have secondary lignin cell walls - both are dead at functional maturity (they are not living when they transport water throughout the plant body)
38
Tracheid
found in all types of vascular plants - part of xylem tissue
39
Vessel Elements
found only in angiosperms and a few other specific plants - part of xylem tissue
40
Phloem Tissue
transports organic compounds from photosynthesis sites to other plant parts; composed of sieve and companion cells
41
Sieve Cells
conduct sugars + organic compounds throughout the plant body and are arranged end-to-end with pores (sieve plates) that allow movement between cells - alive at functional maturity - lack a nucleus, ribosome, and other cellular structures - part of phloem tissue
42
Companion Cells
lie adjacent to and share cytoplasm with sieve cells, providing metabolic support and regulation - part of phloem tissue
43
Parenchyma
most abundant and versatile cell type in plants; primary cell walls are thin + flexible and most lack a secondary cell wall - most leave tissue is comprised of this - these cells in leaves contain high levels of chloroplasts for photosynthesis - in roots, these cells are sites of sugar/starch storage, and are called PITH (root center) or CORTEX (root periphery) - can be associated with phloem cells in vascular tissue as parenchyma rays - totipotent - cell in ground tissue
44
Collenchyma
long, thin cells that retain the ability stretch and elongate; supports the stem and leaves in areas of active growth - thicker primary walls but lack a secondary cell wall - their elongation ability helps them provide structural support in growing shoot system regions; abundant in elongating stems - cell in ground tissue
45
Parenchyma + Endodermis
parenchyma cells comprise a specialized cortex root tissue called endodermis - only found in roots and serve as a checkpoint for materials entering the root's vascular system from the environment - a waxy substance is present on the walls of the endodermal cells, creating a waxy region (CASPARIAN STRIP) that forces water and solutes to cross the endodermal cell PM instead of slipping between the cells
45
Totipotent
the cell can divide and differentiate into ALL CELL TYPES of the plant; parenchyma cells are capable of producing roots from a cut stem
46
Sclerenchyma
have lignin secondary cell walls - cannot stretch due to the second cell wall - provide structural support in mature stems after growth has ceased - dead at functional maturity - Ground tissue cell type
47
Dicots VS Monocots: Stems
- D: vascular bundles are arranged in a ring toward the stem periphery - an arrangement essential for SECONDARY GROWTH - M: vascular bundles are randomly scattered throughout ground tissue
48
Dicots VS Monocots: Roots
- D: the xylem + phloem of the stele (vascular bundle) are arranged alternatively in an X shape - M: the vascular tissue is arranged in a ring around the pith; tend to have fibrous roots
49
Dicots VS Monocots: Leaves
include 2 types of photosynthetic parenchyma cells (palisade + spongy) and contain vascular tissue - D: branched/net-like veins of vascular tissue in leaves - M: parallel veins of vascular tissue in leaves
50
Monocot
- single cotyledon - long, narrow lead - parallel veins - vascular bundles scattered - floral parts in multiples of 3
51
Dicot
- two cotyledon - broad leaves - network of veins - vascular bundles in a ring - floral parts in multiples of 4/5

BIOS TEST 2 (9 decks)

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