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BB10006 Cell and Molecular Biology > Plant Development > Flashcards

Plant Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Differences between plant and animal life cycles

A

1) Post embryonic development
2) Cell movement and planes of division
3) Totipotency

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2
Q

What occurs in Post Embryonic development in plants?

A
  • higher plant embryos don’t contain any of the organs found in the adult
  • plant embryos simple structure of cotyledons and axis
  • plant organs are generated by meristems during post embryonic development
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3
Q

Difference between Post Embryonic Development in plants and animals?

A
  • in higher animals most of the organs formed during embryogenesis , whereas in plants embryos don’t contain any of the organs found in the adult.
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4
Q

Role of a cotyledon

A

protect leaves as it’s pushing through the soil

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5
Q

Explain the cell movement and division planes in plants during plant development.

A
  • plants have cell walls in place so cells cannot move or migrate during embryonic development
  • Plant cells divide
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6
Q

Difference between plants and animals regarding cell movement and division.

A
  • in animals cells can move and migrate as no cell walls
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7
Q

Example of a free cell in plants

A
  • Pollen
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8
Q

Two types of division in cell movement and division planes in plants.

A

Anticlinal : divides at right angles to surface

Periclinal : divisions parallel to the surface

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9
Q

Explain the totipotency differences between plants and animals

A
  • most animals cant regenerate from body parts but plants can from vegetative parts
  • fully differentiated plants can dedifferentiate then redifferentiate into a new plant
  • plant cells remain totipotent
  • not irreversibly committed to specific course of development
  • they’re sessile, meristems
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10
Q

What do meristems allow plants to do??

A

Live longer due to vegetative reproduction

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11
Q

What happens in stage one of Embryogenesis?

A

POLLINATION/FERTILISATION

  • Pollen enters female reproductive organ through tube
  • makes way into ovary
  • double fertilisation occurs; one of sperm fertilises central cell, other fertilised egg
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12
Q

What happens in stage two of Embryogenesis?

A

EMBRYO/ENDOSPERM

- Two celled proembryo goes to a globular embryo which goes to a heart embryo which goes to a walking stick embryo

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13
Q

What happens in stage three of Embryogenesis?

A

FIRST ZYGOTIC DIVISION

- Asymmetric, produces small apical cell and large basal cell

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14
Q

Fates of the Basal and apical cell after stage three (FIRST ZYGOTIC DIVISION) of Embryogenesis

A

Basal - suspensor

Apical - embryo

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15
Q

How do cells learn their fate?

A
  • specific cell types develop in specific places

- position and identity are linked

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16
Q

Definition of Development

A

Emergence of organised structures from an initially simple group of cells.

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17
Q

What is the ABC model for the regulation of pattern in the flower?

A

WHORL 1 - Sepal
WHORL 2 - Petal
WHORL 3 - Stamen
WHORL 4 - Carpel

18
Q

Function of sepal

A
  • protect flower as it develops (leafy part of plant)
19
Q

Function of stamen

A
  • male part of plant made up of long stalks called filaments

- anther producing pollen

20
Q

Function of carpel

A
  • female part of flower, wide ovary at base
  • sticky stigma
  • eggs produced
21
Q

How was the ABC model derived?

A
  • from homeotic mutants of Arabidopsis
  • mutants were induced using chemicals and ionising radiation then the phenotype was studied to see the effects
  • model based on 4 floral homeotic mutants so 4 genes which each code for model in a certain way
22
Q

What is a homeotic mutant?

A
  • a functional organ in the wrong place eg petal in wrong place
23
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A
  • plant self fertilizes
24
Q

What is a wild type?

A
  • an allele which encodes phenotype most common in natural population
25
Q

What is the AP2 mutant?

A

Whorl 1 - Carpel
Whorl 2 - Stamen
Whorl 3/4 - wild type

26
Q

What is the AP3pi mutant?

A

Whorl 1 - Wild type
Whorl 2 - Sepal
Whorl 3 - Carpel
Whorl 4 - Wild type

27
Q

What is the AG mutant?

A

Whorl 1/2 - Wild type
Whorl 3 - Petal
Whorl 4 - Sepal
NO REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

28
Q

ABC model has how many fields?

A

3 fields, ABC within the meristem.

- on a and c there’s repressor bars as theyre antagonistic to each other - cadastral genes

29
Q

What would be the phenotype if double mutant wiping AP3pi and AP2 occurred?

A

Carpels all along whorls

30
Q

What would be the phenotype if double mutant wiping AP3pi and AG occurred?

A

Sepals all along whorl

31
Q

What would be the phenotype if triple mutant wiping AP3pi and AP2 and AG occurred?

A

Leaves in all whorls

32
Q

What was the first floral homeotic gene identified in Arabidopsis?

A

Agamous

33
Q

What are the transcription factors in the agamous DNA?

A

MCM1, AG, DEFA, SRF

34
Q

What is the conserved region called in the Agamous DNA?

A

MADS box
AP3pi - MADS box proteins
AP2 - MADS box transcription factor

35
Q

What are genetic switches and what do they do?

A
  • impose identify fate of plant
  • activate a cascade of genes that build organ type
    e. g. AP3 pi only in whorls 2/3
36
Q

Example of the green revolution

A
  • reduced height genes introduced in wheat to increase yield of desired part of plant
37
Q

What is the role of gibberellins?

A
  • To control stem elongation
  • in stems GA stimulates division and elongation
    Fungus giberlla causes Foolsih Seedling disease
38
Q

What occurs in dwarfing genes in Arabidopsis Thaliand?

A
  • Gibberellic acid insensitive mutants are dwarf
  • GA treatment doesn’t restore height
  • GAI protein inhibits stem elongation
  • GA binds to GAI causing its inactivation
  • GAI encodes mutant protein that cant bind so GA retains function and dwarf plants occur.
39
Q

What occurs in wheat dwarfing genes?

A
  • GR wheat has 2 reduced height genes (Rht-B and Rht- D)
  • Rht-B/D cloned from wheat by fishing with Arabidopsis GAI genes
  • Rht-B/D genes have single nucleotide changes which creates stop codons, leading to synth of short proteins
  • These cant bind to GA but retain repressor acitivity so short stems are the result .
40
Q

Double fertilisation means that

A

one sperm is needed to fertilise the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilise the two polar nuclei of the central cell of the female gametophyte.

41
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana is a plant used by scientists as a model organism. Feature of this plant include…

A

Ability to self-fertilise
A diploid genome consisting of 10 chromosomes
A rapid life cycle of approximately 10 weeks under laboratory conditions

42
Q

The ABC model for flower development in Arabidopsis has 2 key features…

A

Requires a combination of ABC homeotic genes expression to select the appropriate organ type. Regulatory antagonism exists between some ABC homeotic genes

BB10006 Cell and Molecular Biology (5 decks)

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