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246 > Plant Chemical Defences > Flashcards

Plant Chemical Defences Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major groups of chemical defence in plants/animals? -

A

ROS, antimicrobial peptides, defence proteins, plant secondary metabolites like terpenoids and phenolics.

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2
Q

How are ROS a component of animal humoral immunity?

A

Function in Microbial Killing and signal transduction

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3
Q

How do they function in microbial killing?

A

Superpoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals can directly kill pathogens.

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4
Q

What produces them?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells as part of the oxidative burst.

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5
Q

How are they activated?

A

Detection of pathogens by phagocytic cells by PRR like TLR’s and NLR’s, recognising PAMPs (lps, pdg, rna).

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6
Q

What follows after recognition?

A

Intracellular signalling pathways leading to TF activation, resulting in cyotkine/chemokine expression, with following phagocytosis by phagocytotic cells.

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7
Q

What is oxidative burst?

A

Rapid and localised increases in ROS production triggered by pathogens.

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8
Q

When are they triggered?

A

Detection of pathogens through PRR recognition of PAMP.

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9
Q

How do they act as signal transducers?

A

Module immune response signalling activity, like nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.

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10
Q

What does the NFKB pathway function in?

A

Regulation of expression of genese in inflammation, immune responses, cell survival…

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11
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides in animals and plants?

A

They are small cationic peptides with antimicrobial activity

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12
Q

What is their structure and how does this relate to their function?

A

10-50 AA allowing extensive structural diversity, adopting a-helicies, b-sheets, being cationic(lysine and arginine), allowing interaction with negatively charged membranes.

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13
Q

What is their microbial activity attributed to?

A

Disruption of microbial cell membranes through interaction with microbial membranes.

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14
Q

What is their mechanism of action?

A

Target membranes, inducing pore formation, permeabilising the membrane, with electrostatic interactions with lipteichoic acids (GPB) and LPS (GNB), leaking intracellular contents.

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15
Q

What other roles do they play?

A

Regulate host-microbe symbiosies and interact with commensal microbiota.

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16
Q

What are examples of defensive proteins?

A

Enzyme inhibitors, hydrolases, lectins, and antiviral proteins, protease inhibitors, alpha-amylase inhibitors

17
Q

What are PR Proteins?

A

Pathogenesis-related proteins are induced in response to pathogen attack, environmental stressors, or signalling molecules, important in plant innate immunity.

18
Q

When are they proliferated and induced?

A

PAMPs, or signalling by Salicyclic Acid, Jasmonic Acid, and Ethylene.

19
Q

What process does PR induce?

A

Systemic Acquired Resistance and Induced Systemic Resistance.

20
Q

How do they function as antimicrobial peptides?

A

Inhibit pathogen growth or enhance plant immune response

21
Q

What is an example?

A

PR-1/PR-10 activated defense responses like accumulation of phytoalexin, ROS, and PRs.

22
Q

What are examples of plant secondary metabolites?

A

Phytoanticipins and Phytoalexins

23
Q

What are phytoalexins?

A

Secondary metabolites produced by plants with microbial infection, pathogen attack or biotic/abiotic stressors.

24
Q

How are they produced?

A

Synthesised following microbial pathogen perception of PAMP, as well as by SA, JA and ET.

25
Q

What is their mechanism of action?

A

Due to amphiphatic properties, disrupt membrane structure through insertion into the lipid bilayer.

26
Q

What are examples?

A

Flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds.

27
Q

What are terpenoids?

A

Organic compounds produced by plants with extensive structural diversity.

28
Q

What is their function in defense?

A

Antimicrobial properties through growth/reproduction inhibition, and act as allelochemicals

29
Q

What are allelochemicals?

A

Chemicals produced by organisms exerting detrimental impacts on individuals/species.

30
Q

What are phenolics?

A

Organic compounds containing phenyl rings (C6H5) and hydroxyl functional groups.

31
Q

How do they exert antimicrobial activity?

A

Inhibition of growth, reproduction, like tannins and flavonoids.

32
Q

How do they function in antioxidant defense?

A

Scavenging of ROS and free radicals during pathogen attacks, preventing oxidative damage to cellular components.

33
Q

What are nitrogen-containing compound examples?

A

Alkaloids, glucosinolates, and cyanogenic glucosides.

34
Q

What are examples of plant alkaloids?

A

Caffeine, nicotine, codeine, opium, morphine…

35
Q

What are exampels of volatile metabolites as defensive signals agaisnt herbivores?

A

VOC, z-jasmone, beta-farnesene, attraction of predators/parasitoids…

36
Q
A

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