Plant Chem 1

Question 1

Phenolics

Answer 1

aromatic (benzene) ring w/an OH group

Question 2

Properties of Phenolics

Answer 2

resonance stabilization
antioxidants
anti-inflam
anti-cancer

Question 3

Anthraquinones & their Glycosides

Answer 3

laxatives and hypericin

Ex: Emodin, Frangulin, Aloin, Sennidin

Question 4

Tannins

Answer 4

astringents, phenolic acids w/ester linkages to a central glucose
have the ability to cross-link collagen fibers (tighten tissues)

Question 5

Proanthocyanidins

Answer 5

condensed tannins
astringent
found in grapes, pine bark, hawthorn, apples, cocoa
in Crataegus, green tea, linden, grape seed

Question 6

Anthocyanidins

Answer 6

pH dependent colorful pigments based on the flavylium ion (+)
structurally related to flavones
common in flowers

Question 7

Anthocyanins

Answer 7

colorful red and blue compounds
glycosides of anthocyanidins
odorless and flavorless
mildly astringent

Question 8

Simple Phenolic Compounds

Answer 8

have a single aromatic ring, form glycosides. smaller compounds are volatile (EOs)
Ex: Eugenol, Vanillin, Methyl Salicylate (in wintergreen & birch)

Question 9

Phenolic Acids

Answer 9

have at least one phenolic ring w/acidic carboxyl group
anti-inflam
Ex: Egallic acid (berries, grapes), Gallic acid (grapes, berries, nuts), Salicylic acid

Question 10

Coumarins

Answer 10

coumarins are derivative of alpha-pyrone, aromatic, components of EO

Question 11

Furanocoumarins

Answer 11

have a photosensitizing effect

grapefruit juice effect – CYP inhibitors

Question 12

Chromones

Answer 12

Eugenin in carrots (bitter taste)

Question 13

Naphthoquinones

Answer 13

pigmented molecules
many actions: fungicidal, antibacterial, insecticidal, phototoxic, cytostatic, anticarcinogenic, anthelmenthic
Ex: Juglone, used for parasites

Question 14

Anthraquinones

Answer 14

polyphenolic
many are pigments, also laxatives and purgatives
Ex: Hypericin (from Hypericum), Sennidin (Senna), Aloin, Emodin

Question 15

Flavonoids

Answer 15

colorful, cooling, anti-inflam

3 aromatic rings

Question 16

Flavones

Answer 16

Chrysin in Passiflora
Apigenin in Petrosilinum
Luteolin in Cynara

Question 17

Flavanones

Answer 17

Eriodictyol, Hesperitin, Naringenin (CYP inhibitor)

Question 18

Flavonols

Answer 18

Quercitin, Kaempherol

Question 19

Flavan-3-ols

Answer 19

Catechins, Epicatechins

Question 20

Isoflavones

Answer 20

Genestein, Diadzein, Formononetin, Phytoestrogens

Question 21

Biflavones

Answer 21

Amentoflavone in Ginko, Hypericum, Rhus spp

Question 22

Lignans

Answer 22

dimeric compounds
major class of phytoestrogens
antioxidant fxn
some have toxicity
some are hepatoprotective (silybin, silymarin)
in Flax: enteric bacteria convert the lignin and Enterolactone
Also in: Silybum (milk thistle), Schisandra, Adaptogens (eleuthero)

Question 23

Neolignans

Answer 23

phenylpropene units linked

Ex: Magnolol, Honokiol

Question 24

Stilbenes

Answer 24

high antioxidant capacity

Ex: Resveratrol

Question 25

Other Phenolic Plant Compounds

Answer 25

curcumin, rosmarinic acid, capsaicin

Question 26

Propolis

Answer 26

cottonwood trees produce a sticky phenolic resin that bees make into propolis
strong antimicrobials
immunomodulator, anti-inflam, anti-ulcer