Plant Cells

Question 1

Basic and fundamental unit of life, it possesses a highly organized structure that enables it to carry out its vital functions.

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

• The tough, rigid structure enclosing the plant cell. It is made up of finely interwoven network of cellulose strands of varying complexity & size.

Answer 2

Cell Wall

Question 3

Contains abundant calcium pectate which acts as an important cementing material between cells.

Answer 3

Middle Lamella

Question 4

• Formed while the cell is
  enlarging/growing
• Relatively thin & elastic
• Contains abundant hemicellulose

Answer 4

Primary Wall

Question 4

• formed after growth ceased
• less flexible & almost inelastic
• composed mainly of cellulose
  (almost pure)

Answer 4

Secondary Wall

Question 5

Special openings/pores in the cell wall which penetrates both the primary & secondary cell walls and through which the plasmalemma
and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cell
are continuous.

Answer 5

Plasmodesmata

Question 6

It is a semi-permeable membrane directly adjacent to the interior wall & surrounding the
protoplast/cytoplasm & cytoplasmic inclusions

Answer 6

Plasma membrane

Question 7

Mostly made up of phospholipid molecules (phosphate +lipid)

Answer 7

Plasma membrane

Question 8

“hydrophilic” means “water-loving”

Answer 8

Phosphate Head

Question 9

“hydrophobic” means “water-fearing

Answer 9

Lipid tails

Question 10

Everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Answer 10

Cytoplasm

Question 11

• serves as the general storage & working area of the cell
• it is where food nutrients are received, processed & used
  and where waste products are removed

Answer 11

Cytoplasm

Question 12

a fluid-filled, bubble-like structure in a cell containing water & dissolved minerals/substances in dilute solution

Answer 12

Central Vacuole

Question 13

Types of Vacuoles:

Answer 13

1. food vacuole (for food storage)
2. excretory vacuole (for removal)
3. central vacuole (for water storage in plants)

Question 13

One of the function of vacuole is
the maintenance of _____.

Answer 13

turgor

Question 14

A network of interconnected membranes that extends from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.

Answer 14

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

e two main types of ER:

Answer 15

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Question 16

⚬ with attached ribosomes
⚬ involved in protein synthesis
⚬ act as protein storage & transport
system in a cell

Answer 16

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Question 16

⚬ no ribosomes attached
⚬ involved in lipid & carbohydrates
synthesis
⚬ helps in the detoxification of
harmful substances in the cell

Answer 16

. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Question 17

Sites of protein synthesis (production & construction) in a cell

Answer 17

Ribosome

Question 18

Produce ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), a high energy compound released or synthesized in mitochondria & are dispersed throughout the cell to energyconsuming areas

Answer 18

Mitochondria

Question 19

It is a system of membranes made of fattened saclike structures called cisternae

Answer 19

Golgi apparatus

Question 20

Distinct Structures of the Golgi Bodies

Answer 20

• Cisternae - stack of flattened membrane
• Vesicles - small spherical structures

Question 21

It is network of long protein strands located in the cytosol that are not surrounded by a
membrane

Answer 21

Cytoskeleton

Question 22

Two types of Cytoskeleton Structures:

Answer 22

1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules

Question 23

A not hollow and have a structure that resembles rope made of two twisted chains of protein called actin.

Answer 23

Microfilaments

Question 24

Occur as round or oval bodies which are absent and animal cells and contain pigments and are used in making or storing food

Answer 24

Plastids

Question 25

Types of Plastids

Answer 25

1. Leucoplasts 2. Amyloplast 3. Chloroplast

Question 26

contain pigments for colorless appearance, e.g. starch grains in rice, potatoes & raddish

Answer 26

Leucoplasts

Question 27

starch storage

Answer 27

amyloplasts

Question 28

oil storage

Answer 28

elaioplasts

Question 29

contain red, yellow & orange pigments characteristics of carrots, flowers, tomatoes & others

Answer 29

Chromoplast

Question 30

each chloroplast encloses a system of flattened membrane sacs called ___, where photosynthesis occurs

Answer 30

thylakoids

Question 31

Controls or directs the synthesis of the enzymes that catalyze most of the metabolic reactions of the cell

Answer 31

Nucleus

Question 32

In immature cell, the nucleus is a ____ ___ centrally located in the cytoplasm.

Answer 32

spherical body

Question 33

Controls the movement of substances into & out of the nucleus

Answer 33

Nuclear Membrane

Question 34

Fluid portion of the nucleus in which other structures are found

Answer 34

Nucleoplasm

Question 35

Responsible for manufacturing & exporting ribosomes

Answer 35

Nucleolus

Question 36

composed of DNA & protein & bear in linear arrangement the basic of heredity called genes.

Answer 36

Chromosomes

Question 37

Study of mechanisms of heredity by which traits or characteristics are passed from generation to generation (Burns, 1972).

Answer 37

GENETICS

Question 38

Branch of biology which deals with the principles of heredity and variations among living things

Answer 38

GENETICS

Question 39

the study of heredity and variations in forest trees (Costales, 1990).

Answer 39

FOREST GENETICS

Question 40

Refers to the application of genetic knowledge and theories to develop gene ally superior trees. This can be achieved through breeding and cultural practices.

Answer 40

TREE IMPROVEMENT

Question 41

IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATIONS OF GENETICS

Answer 41

1. Improvement of plants, animals and microorganisms 2. Medical applications 3. Genetic counseling 4. Legal applications 5. Genetic engineering

Question 42

A controversial application of genetics

Answer 42

Genetic engineering

Question 43

CONTRAINTS AND PROBLEMS PECULIAR IN THE STUDY OF FOREST GENETICS

Answer 43

1. Forest genetics uses indirect evidence 2. Uncertainty and the need for continuous experimentations 3. Necessity of seed production 4. Time element involved is relatively long (life cycle) 5. Limited study in the field(size) 6. No proper record keeping 7. Scarcity of genetic information on trees and the unavailability of modern technologies to the country