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BT2001: Biotechnology > Plant Biotechnology > Flashcards

Plant Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘Plant Molecular Farming’ (PMF)?

A

The practice of using plants to produce recombinant proteins, including human therapeutic proteins and also secondary metabolites

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2
Q

What does ‘sessile’ mean?

A

Unable to move

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3
Q

Approximately how many plant species are there?

A

More than 400,000

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4
Q

What is a ‘Callus Culture’?

A

An unorganised plant tissue growing on a solidified medium

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5
Q

Where in the plant is a major site of product (secondary metabolite) accumulation?

A

Vacuoles

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6
Q

What are TWO major problems with plant cell cultures?

A
  1. Poor expression
  2. Instability of cell lines
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7
Q

What THREE factors can increase the productivity of plant cell cultures?

A
  1. Optimisation of culture conditions
  2. Addition of precursor
  3. Biotransformation
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8
Q

What are some quantitative techniques used to measure the amount of active ingredients (secondary metabolites) produced in plant cultures?

A
  • UV-Vis spectrophotometry
  • TLC
  • HPTLC
  • HPLC
  • NMR
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9
Q

What are some factors that influence biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite synthesis?

A
  • Nutrient medium and salt strength
  • Carbohydrate source
  • Nitrogen source
  • Phosphate levels
  • Growth regulators
  • Inoculum density
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10
Q

What therapeutic property does Withanolides have?

A

Anti-cancer

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11
Q

What bacterium is used in biological methods for the production of heterologous proteins in plants?

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Gram -ve soil bacterium

Used for Crown Gall Disease

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12
Q

What is a Physical method for the production of heterologous proteins in plants?

A

Biolistics: particle bombardment

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13
Q

The drug ZMapp produced in tobacco leaves combats which disease?

A

Ebola

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14
Q

What disease does the first PMF-derived enzyme treat?

A

Gaucher disease
(ELELYSO)

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15
Q

What is ELELYSO based on?

A

The use of carrot cells to produce recombinant taliglucerase alfa

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16
Q

What are some advantages of using a plant-based production system?

A
  • Common species of plants can be used
  • Edible vaccines
  • Cheaper to produce
  • Simple scale up
  • Safer
  • Plants able to carry out posttranslational modification of proteins
17
Q

What are some limitations of using a plant-based production system?

A
  • Few recombinant proteins have been approved
  • Initially demonstrate low expression levels
  • Very expensive
  • Fears of contaminating the food chain
  • Regulatory issues
18
Q

Name TWO secondary metabolites

A
  • Terpenoid alkaloids
  • Phenolics
19
Q

What is ‘whole organ culture’?

A

Alternative strategy for production of metabolites in vitro

20
Q

How can hairy roots culture be generated?

A

Following plant infection with agrobacterium rhizogenes

21
Q

What is the limitation of hairy phenotypes?

A

Can only be used for metabolites that are naturally produced in root tissue

22
Q

What is the plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

A

Large and called Ti-plasmid (~200kbs)

23
Q

What does the plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens host?

A

Range didcots (Eudicots)

24
Q

What is the molecular machinery needed for T-DNA production and transport?

A

Comprises proteins that are encoded by bacterial chromosome genes and Ti plasmid virulence genes

25
Q

When was the first plant-derived veterinary vaccine approved?

A

2006

26
Q

What was the first plant-derived antibody?

A

The monoclonal antibody against Hepatitis B surface antigen expressed in tobacco
Liew and Hair-Bejo

27
Q

Give an example of a posttranslational protein modification that plants are able to carry out

A

Disulfide bond formation and glycosilation

28
Q

Is downstream processing of a product from plants cheap or expensive?

A

Very expensive, about 80% of total cost

29
Q

What is Taxol?

A

Anti-cancer agent from Taxus brevifolia

30
Q

Why are vaccines derived from plants safer?

A

Less likely to harbour prions or microbes

31
Q

Why was Agrobacterium rhizogenes improved?

A

Mediated hairy root culture system of Whithania somnifera

32
Q

What are the treatments for Dunal?

A

Sonication and heat treatment

33
Q

What does Agrobacterium tumefaciens infect?

A

Monocots but not naturally

34
Q

Name an indirect method of gene transfer in plants

A

Transformation of plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

BT2001: Biotechnology (10 decks)

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