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Biology 152 > Plant Biology > Flashcards

Plant Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Indetermined growth

A

Growth that has no genetically pre defined limits (due to meristems, leaves/flowers)

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2
Q

Tropism

A

Plants move by regulating cell expansion and turgidity (how filled with water they are)

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3
Q

Plant adaptations for land

A

Waxy cuticle, stomata, vasculature, pollen, seeds, organ specialization, lignification

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4
Q

When did plants move to land?

A

~490 mya

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5
Q

How are algae and plants similar?

A

Both have plastids, double membranes, circular genomes, oxygenic photosynthesis, and derived from endosymbiosis

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6
Q

What are the origins of plastics?

A

Cyanobacteria

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7
Q

T/F: plastids evolved from a single origin

A

True

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8
Q

What are the closest living relatives to land plants?

A

Fresh water charophytes

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9
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Layer of polymer that protects exposed zygotes from drying out and is present in all land plants

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10
Q

Why did plants evolve pigments?

A

To protect from UV and signal animals

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11
Q

What was the solution to lack of structure?

A

Already had cellulose and hydrostatic skeleton but then gained rhizoids/roots and xylem/lignin

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12
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To produce a spore (single haploid cell)

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13
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Spore division (n -> many n’s)

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14
Q

Draw alteration of generations cycle

A

:)

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15
Q

Gametophyte

A

(n) haploid, produces haploid gametes by mitosis

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16
Q

Sporophyte

A

(2n) result of gamete fusion, produces haploid spores by meiosis

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17
Q

What traits are in land plants but not charophytes?

A

Alteration of generations, spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia, multicellular/dependent diploid embryos, and apical meristems (except Bryophytes)

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18
Q

Benefits of an aquatic environment

A

Lots of water, steady environment, easy reproduction, and no structure

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19
Q

Bad parts of an aquatic environment

A

Currents control plant movement, limited minerals/light/CO2/O2

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20
Q

Benefits of land environment

A

More light/CO2/O2/minerals, few competitors (at first), and land is steady

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21
Q

Bad parts of land environment

A

Limited water, extreme weather, tough reproduction, UV, need structure

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22
Q

What do plants need to develop to survive on land?

A

Reduce water loss, improve nutrient/water access, grow to capture light, transport water, survive weather, protection from UV, protect gametes, and protect zygote

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23
Q

Alteration of generations in bryophytes

A

Sporophytes depends on gametophytes and the gametophyte is dominant

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24
Q

Alteration of generations in seedless plants

A

Independent gametophyte and dominant sporophyte

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25
Q

Alteration of generations in seed plants

A

Sporophyte is dominant and the gametophyte is dependent

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26
Q

Draw the bryophyte life cycle

A

:)

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27
Q

Thallus

A

(Liverworts) plant body that does not differentiate into stems and leaves and lacks true roots/vascular system

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28
Q

Gemmae cups

A

Cup like structures that contain gemmae and contain air pores to all diffusion

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29
Q

Gemmae

A

Bud that can fall off and form a new plant

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30
Q

Main features of bryophytes

A

Waxy cuticle, stomata, no vascular/support system, no true leaves/roots, have rhizoids, flagellated sperm, spores have sporopollenin

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31
Q

Challenges bryophytes face

A

Sensitive to UV/mutagens, cannot compete for light, require a wet environment

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32
Q

Examples of bryophytes

A

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

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33
Q

Example of a seedless plant

A

Ferns

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34
Q

Draw the life cycle of a seedless plant

A

:)

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35
Q

Sporangium

A

An enclosure in which spores are produced

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36
Q

Main features of seedless plants

A

Waxy cuticle, stomata, true roots, true stems with lignin/fiber, vascular tissue (xylem/phloem), and spores with sporopollenin

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37
Q

What features differ between bryophytes and the seedless?

A

Seedless have vascular system (xylem/phloem), true leaves/roots (lignin/fiber), spores

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38
Q

What challenges do seedless plants face?

A

Require wet environment, unprotected gametophyte, spores not suited for survival

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39
Q

Examples of seedless plants

A

Gymnoperms and angiosperms

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40
Q

Draw the life cycle of a seed plant

A

:)

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41
Q

Examples of gymnosperms

A

Pines, cycads, Ginko

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42
Q

Features of gymnosperms

A

Roots, seeds, airborne pollen, recessed stomata, tracheids in xylem, integuments (2n) to protect megaspore, NO ovary, reduced leaves (needles), zygote development in cone

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43
Q

Draw the life cycle of a gymnosperm

A

:)

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44
Q

Example of angiosperm

A

Flowering plants

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45
Q

Draw the life cycle of angiosperms

A

:)

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46
Q

Features that are unique to angiosperms

A

Ovary, exploited flowers/pollinators, created fruit, created endosperm

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47
Q

T/F: flowers have determined growth

A

True, the female gametophyte is in the ovule where fertilization occurs to form embryo

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48
Q

Why does reproduction in angiosperms differ from all other land plants?

A

Have double fertilization
FG (n) + MG (n) = zygote
FG (2n) + MG (n) = endosperm (3n)

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49
Q

Benefits of endosperms

A

Express unique genes involved in hormone responses, can accumulate storage compounds, and can regulate germination time

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50
Q

Microspores develop into _____

A

Pollen grains that contain male gametophytes

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51
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to ovules

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52
Q

Benefits of seeds

A

~360mya
Enabled those that had them to be dominant producers, consisted of embryo/nutritious tissue/seed coat, can be dormant for years until germination favored

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53
Q

What are the two types of angiosperms?

A

Monocots and dicots

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54
Q

Features of monocots

A

(Orchids, grasses, palms) One cotyledon, are a monophyletic group, one leaf in its embryo

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55
Q

Features of dicots

A

Two cotyledons, not a monophyletic group

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56
Q

What features first appeared in gymnosperms?

A

Protection of female gametophyte in an ovule, pollen with sporopollenin, and seeds

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57
Q

What features first appeared in angiosperms?

A

Flowers, ovaries, fruit, double fertilization (seeds with endosperm)

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58
Q

Functions/features of roots

A

Indetermined growth, anchorage, attachment, water/ion absorption, symbiotic association, sugar storage, host penetration

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59
Q

Primary root

A

Root that is first to emerge

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60
Q

Lateral root

A

Branching off the primary root to improve anchorage and water absorption

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61
Q

Taproot system

A

Root branching derived from primary roots (gymnosperms and dicots)

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62
Q

Fibrous root system (adventitious)

A

Primary root dies and new roots grow from stem with the same length and thickness (monocots)

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63
Q

Root hairs

A

Near the root tip to increase surface area of root

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64
Q

Root cap

A

Protective layer of root tip meristem

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65
Q

Meristem

A

Groups of dividing cells

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66
Q

Prop roots

A

Roots that arise from stems to provide extra support (monocots and fibrous systems)

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67
Q

How do roots make their own energy?

A

By respiration (using up oxygen) because roots are porous

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68
Q

Symbiotic association

A

Interaction in which both parties involved benefit

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69
Q

Bacterial nodules in legumes

A

Bacteria fix nitrogen for the roots and the roots provide sugar to the bacteria (symbiotic association)

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70
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

Roots increase their ability of capturing water/nutrients from fungi and the fungi obtain carbs/vitamins from the root (symbiotic association)

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71
Q

Node

A

Point at which leaves are attached

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72
Q

Internode

A

Stem segments between nodes

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73
Q

Apical bud

A

Growing shoot tip through primary growth

74
Q

Auxiliary bud

A

Has potential to form lateral branch, thorn, or flower

75
Q

Leaf

A

Main photosynthetic organ that can intercept light, exchange gases, dissipate heat, and defend the plant

76
Q

Blade

A

Broad, flat circumference of the leaf

77
Q

Petiole

A

Stalk that joins leaf to stem node

78
Q

Examples of modified leaves

A

Spines, tendrils, reproductive leaves, storage leaves

79
Q

Veins

A

Vascular tissue of leaves

80
Q

What type of veins do monocots have?

A

Parallel veins

81
Q

What types of veins do dicots have?

A

Branching veins

82
Q

Tissue

A

Collection of cell types from the same meristem

83
Q

Features of the dermis tissue

A

Interphase between plant body and the environment, exchange gases, absorb water, prevent dehydration, produces cuticle, protects

84
Q

Examples of dermis cells

A

Pavement cells, guard cells, root hairs, unicellular trichomes

85
Q

Trichome

A

Small hair/outgrowth from the dermis

86
Q

Pith

A

Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

87
Q

Cortex

A

Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

88
Q

Functions of ground tissue

A

Storage, photosynthesis, support, and transport

89
Q

Types of ground tissue

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, sclerenchyma, fibers, sclerids

90
Q

Features of parenchyma

A

Thin cell walls

- photosynthesis, storage, synthesis

91
Q

Features of Collenchyma

A

Unevenly thickened cell walls

- flexible support (no lignin)

92
Q

Features of sclerenchyma

A

Thickened cell walls within lignin

- rigid support, dead once mature

93
Q

Features of fiber

A

Long and in bundles (cotton fibers)

94
Q

Features of sclerids

A

Short, irregularly shaped (seed coats, nut shells)

- cubic, not elongated, non flexible support

95
Q

Features/functions of vascular system

A

Facilitates the transport of materials through the plant and provides mechanical support
- consists of xylem and phloem

96
Q

Xylem

A

Part of vascular system that conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into the shoots, have parenchyma and fibers
- thick cell walls with lignin, die once mature

97
Q

Phloem

A

Part of vascular system that transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed, has parenchyma and fibers
- living, have plasma membrane

98
Q

What are the three types of xylem?

A

Vessel elements (Angiosperms), tracheids (Gymnosperms), and fibers

99
Q

Describe the features of vessel elements

A

Pipes with perforation plates and no cellular content used for water transport

100
Q

Describe the features of tracheids

A

(Gymnosperms) water permeable pits for long distance transport

101
Q

Describe the features of fibers

A

(Angiosperm) have no water conductive support or movement of water

102
Q

What are the two types of phloem?

A

Sieve tubes and companion cells

103
Q

Describe the features of sieve tubes

A

Tubes of joint cells, result in a perforation plate that allows water/solute flow, alive at maturity but NO organelles

104
Q

Describe the features of companion cells

A

Alive at maturity with a nucleus, keep sieve tubes alive, assist phloem loading

105
Q

Apical meristem

A

Located at tips of roots and shoots, continuous, elongation to produce leaves and auxiliary buds (primary growth)

106
Q

Secondary/lateral meristem

A

Activated only when tissue and organ differentiation are complete, increases width (vascular and cork cambium)

107
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

Plants ability to grow their entire lifetime involving no differentiation

108
Q

Determinant growth

A

Some parts of plants stop growing at a certain size (leaves and flowers)

109
Q

Shoot apical meristem

A

Generation of leaves and flowers, controls branching, generates dermal/vascular/ground tissue, controls leaf and auxiliary bud position

110
Q

Root cap

A

Root tip cover that protects the root apical meristem as it grows

111
Q

Pericycle

A

Outermost cell layer of the vascular cylinder

112
Q

Where are lateral shoots developed from?

A

Auxiliary buds

113
Q

What is unique about dicot stems?

A

Vascular tissue is in bundles

114
Q

What are the components of leaves?

A

Guard cells, cuticle, veins, parenchyma, xylem/phloem, stoma, Collenchyma

115
Q

What type of plants do not have secondary growth?

A

Monocots

116
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Lateral meristem that adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

117
Q

Cork cambium

A

Lateral meristem that replaces epidermis with periderm (cork)

118
Q

Describe tree ring formation

A

In spring xylem is activated and adding width, in summer the xylem begins diminishing and are replaced by fewer cells with decreased diameter

119
Q

Osmosis

A

Water diffusion through semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration

120
Q

What does positive water potential pressure mean?

A

Water is compressed into the cell

121
Q

What does a negative water potential solute mean?

A

Solute level is rising

122
Q

Turgid

A

Swollen with water

123
Q

Flaccid

A

Limply full of water

124
Q

Plasmolyzed

A

Shriveled (water loss due to osmosis)

125
Q

Transpiration

A

Water is taken up by roots and lost to air through leaves

126
Q

What causes water to be drawn into the roots?

A

Tension (negative pressure)

127
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules stick to one another through hydrogen bonding to form a strong column

128
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules stick to the walls of the xylem to make it impermeable

129
Q

Tension cohesion theory

A

Negative pressure (tension) is generated inside the xylem transport elements (vessel and tracheids)

130
Q

Trend of xylem sap speed and plant type

A

Conifers with tracheids have a very low speed and vines with vessel elements have a very fast speed

131
Q

Tracheids translocation

A

Water is forced to go through small pits with high resistance

132
Q

Vessel element translocation

A

Water flows through perforation plates with lower resistance and better efficiency

133
Q

Cavitation

A

Bubble formation in the xylem transport elements

134
Q

Embolism

A

Space between water above and below cavitation point (the bubble)

135
Q

What factors cause cavitation?

A

High tension inside transport elements due to high transpiration rate, water freezing inside, fungal infection

136
Q

Cavitation and tracheids vs vessel elements

A

Tracheids are better suited for embolisms because the embolism cannot spread, vessel elements can spread to other vessels until empty

137
Q

Guard cell

A

Epidermal cell that can cause the stoma pore to open or close and take in or release O2, CO2, H2O

138
Q

Conditions when the stoma is open

A

Turgidity, light, high potassium, low CO2, low ABA, water moving in

139
Q

Conditions when stoma is closed

A

Flaccid, darkness, low potassium, high CO2, high ABA, water moves outward

140
Q

Abscisic acid (ABA)

A

Potassium ion regulator that is controlled by turgor pressure
- drought hormone: dry= low water and potassium= high ABA

141
Q

Apoplastic route

A

Pathway outside the plasma membrane through the non living parts of the cell with no filtering

142
Q

Symplastic route

A

Pathway that goes through plasma membrane via channels and filtering (plasmodesmata)

143
Q

Endodermis and plastic routes

A

Forces both routes to become symplastic in order to filter with Casparian strips

144
Q

Phloem sap

A

Sugar solution that travels from sugar source to sugar sink

145
Q

Sugar source

A

An organ that is the net producer of sugar such as mature leaves

146
Q

Sugar sink

A

An organ that is a net consumer/stored of sugar such as a tuner or bulb

147
Q

Describe the path of sucrose movement from source to sink

A

See quiz :)

148
Q

What are the two ways phloem loads sucrose?

A

Passive (symplastic with diffusion) or active (apoplastic with ATP)

149
Q

Order of highest to lowest water potential of a tree

A

Soil> root> trunk> leaf> air

150
Q

In what forms do plants get nitrogen from soil?

A

Nitrate and ammonium

151
Q

Describe NPK

A

Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium, farmers alter these ratios in fertilizers based on plant type

152
Q

Rhizosphere

A

Nutrient rich region of soil with plant root region directly influenced by chemical and symbiotic associations

153
Q

Where does nitrogen fixation occur?

A

Root nodules

154
Q

How does a root nodule develop?

A

Chemical attraction to root, thread of infection, growth, and development of vascular connections

155
Q

Describe the Rhizobium-plant association

A

Plants get fixed nitrogen from Rhizobium and the bacteria get sugar and an anaerobic environment from the plant (ex: legumes) to develop a nitrogen fixing root nodule

156
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Association between fungi and roots— fungi get sugar, plants get secreted growth factors

157
Q

Pros and cons of sexual reproduction

A

Formation of fruit, maintains genetic diversity, expensive, but better for survival and reproductive success

158
Q

Pros and cons of asexual reproduction

A

(Rhizomes/tubers) fast and cheap, reduces genetic diversity, makes plants susceptible to immune attack

159
Q

What is a flower?

A

A modified shoot that attracts pollen with its make and female organs that developed from a switch in the apical meristem

160
Q

What makes up the stamen?

A

Anther and filament

161
Q

What makes up the carpel?

A

Stigma, style, ovary

162
Q

Which parts of a flower undergo meiosis?

A

Anther (microspore) and ovule (megaspore)

163
Q

Complete flower

A

Contains all four plant organs: stamen, carpal, petal, sepal

164
Q

Incomplete flower

A

Missing one or more of the main plant organs

165
Q

Inflorescences

A

Clusters of flowers (ex: dandelion)

166
Q

Coevolution

A

Joint of evolution of interacting species in response to selection caused by one another (flowering plants and pollinators)

167
Q

How does pollination occur?

A

Pollen grain moves from anther to stigma via wind, water, or animals

168
Q

What strategies attract pollinators?

A

Nectar, alternating exposure of anther/stigma, decorated flowers developing features that favor only one type of animal

169
Q

What is unique to the angiosperm life cycle?

A

Double fertilization

170
Q

Draw the angiosperm life cycle

A

:)

171
Q

Draw the development of the microspore

A

:)

172
Q

Draw the development of the megaspore

A

:)

173
Q

Draw a diagram of the embryo sac

A

:)

174
Q

Draw a mature male gametophyte

A

:)

175
Q

Why use double fertilization?

A

Ensures plants will not commit resources to produce energy rich endosperm until after the egg is fertilized

176
Q

What are the three steps in seed development?

A

Zygote —mitosis—> embryo
Endosperm mother -nourishes-> endosperm
Ovule integuments —-> seed coat

177
Q

Steps of endosperm development

A

Triploid cell that results from multiple mitotic divisions without cytokinesis, expands, absorbs nucellus, becomes energy rich, and is consumed by developing seed

178
Q

What is the fate of the endosperm in monocots vs dicots?

A

Dicots: endosperm is partially or completely consumed
Monocots: does not consume endosperm

179
Q

Characteristics of fruit

A

Ovary wall after fertilization, protects enclosed seeds

180
Q

Benefits of seeds

A

Ensure plant survival, can remain dormant until in proper conditions

Biology 152 (3 decks)

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