Plant Bio Week 1-3 Study Cards Flashcards
Which one of these groups is not a plant?
Mosses
Ferns
Angiosperms
Conifers
Fungi
Fungi
Characteristics of Green Plants
Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll
Chloroplast:organelle in plant cell that allows the plat to go through photosynthesis; make its own food and energy
Chlorophyll captures energy from sun (energy+Co2+H20=C6H12O6+O2) to create a chemical reaction to produce a sugar called glucose that plants use as food, what makes plant look green
Characteristics of Green Plants
Cell Wall
provides a structural framework to support plant growth and acts as the first line of defense when the plant encounters pathogens.
Characteristics of Green Plants
Store Starch
make starch and store it as energy source
Characteristics of Green Plants
Multicellular
eukaryotes because they’re multicellular; they have cell walls and unique organelles
How long have farmers been genetically modifying crops
A.)10 years
B.)25 years
C.)50 years (transgenes etc.)
D.)1000 years
E.)10,000 years
E. 10,000 years
Brassica Oleracea (Wild Cabbage) is an example of selecting for modifications
they selected for certain modifications to produce common vegetables (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussel sprouts)
Differences between plants and animals
during embryogenesis they all look the same but later in development they differentiate comapred to huamns and animals when they start to develop you can already tell what they are
(plants produce only a basic body plan during embryogenesis)
Common ancestor
last common ancestor of pants and animals was an unicellular organism but plants and animals developed independently. some genes present in animals do not exist in plants (ex. Hox genes)
angiosperms
flowering plant
Ho are plant cells different from animal cells?
three differences
1. shape (plants cells are squares while animal cells are spheres, plant cells have cell walls that protects them and stay upright
2.vacuole (big storage area where they store starches) only found in plant cells
3.chloroplasts (organelles that help with photosynthesis
plants cells can be cultures and give rise to a new plant
tissue sample from any region of an adult plant is cultured, treat with different hormones or whatever, callus forms, callus seperated and single cells cultured, further culturing generates new plant
*(Plant cells maintain totipotency and developmental plasticity in the differentiated state. They have the ability to dedifferentiate, proliferate, and subsequently regenerate into mature plants under appropriate culture conditions.)
Inflorescence
cluster of flowers
Plasmodesmata
regulated connections between plant cells,
allows things to pass through for example a transcription factor TF can pass through to a neighboring cell to turn ON/off gene expression
Chloroplasts move to improve light gathering efficiency
ex. film negative
experiment: place film negative (picture where the light parts are dark and the dark parts are light) on leaf and then expose to light to see how chloroplasts move, you would see picture imprinted on the leaf because the chloroplasts move to where they get the most light they move to the surface while it is dark they don’t migrate to the surface
Much of plant development is postt-embryonic
most development happens as an embryo in animal cells but in plant cells development happens after the embryo stage
embryo development (zygote to 16-cell embryo to heart-stage embryo)
Juvenile stage
Adult Stage
Reproductive stage
Meristems
group of stem cells that are set aside in development
development of new organs come from stem cells at growing tips
Shoot Apical Meristems
Root Apical Meristem
(top of plant called buds) everything above ground come from shoot apical meristems
while everything below ground (bottom of plant) comes from the root apical meristems
Plant growth takes place at the meristems
meristems are localized regions of cell division
apical meristems at the tip of shoot and tip of root contain stem cells
growth and differentiation takes place throughout its life as the plant grows
Stem Cell
capable of both differentiation and self-renewal
cells in apical meristems are considered to be stem cells
stem cell either self-renew or differentiate into mature cells
Plant Development is Plastic(change or adapt) and changes in response to the environment (4 factors)
1.phototropism (light)
2.geotropism (gravity)
3.hydrotropism (water)
4.chemotropism (chemical)
phototropism
plants move and follow the sun during the day
The Plant Life Cycle Involves an Alteration of Generations
depending on where you are at development you can be in the haploid plant or diploid plant but humans are always in diploid stage ( 2 gametes fuze) while plants can survive with one set of chromosomes
The Plant Life Cycle Involves an Alteration of Generations
Sporophyte
diploid forms that makes spores (gametes) through meiosis
(2n)
when the haploid version gets fertilized it becomes the actual plant
The Plant Life Cycle Involves an Alteration of Generations
Gametophyte
haploid form that produces gametes by mitosis
(1n)
they make haploid cells (1 set of chromosomes) and those haploid cells become their own plant, haploid version can survive on its own
Life Cycle of a Moss
gametophyte for a long time before fertilization then become a sporophyte
in non-vascular land plant, the gametophyte is dominant, the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for survival
Lifer Cycle of a Flowering Plant-Angiosperm (flowering plant)
in vascular plants, the sporophyte is dominant. the gametophytes develop within the flower
Plant Phylogeny (Angiosperms) most pland plants are angiosperms
(Monocots vs Eudicots)
(Monocots vs Eudicots)
Monocot- single cotyledon; seed leaf
long narrow leaf blade, scattered vascular bundles unordered
wheat, corn
flowers in sets of 3
Eudicot- 2 cotyledon; seed leaf
broad and networks of veins
vascular bundles in a ring, organized, specific
flowers ins ets of 4 or 5
Based on the coleoptile experiemnts, what effects does auxin have on cell elognation?
a.no effect
b.promotes cell elognation
c.inhibits cell elognation
d.degraded by light
B.promotes cell elogation
What do you think was present in the coconut water?
a.vitamins
b.lactose
c.auxin and cytokinin
d.bovine growth hormone
e.plain water
c.auxin and cytokinin
Why dont plants get metastatic cancer?
a.they dont have p53
b.plant cells can’t migrate
c.chloroplasts protect from cancer
d.plant cells are naturally resistant to DMA damage
. plant cells can’t migrate
Why can’t you regenerate plants from crown galls?
a.they make too much ethylene
b.they are derived from a different tissue than callus
c.they are not sterile
d.they make their own high levels of auxin and cytokinin
d.they make their own high levels of auxin and cytokinin
How do you deonmsntrate that genes are transfereed fromt eh agrobacterium to a plant?
a.southern blot on plant DNA using a Ti plasmid backbone specific probe
b.using a selectable marker only found on the T-DNA
c.design PCR primers specific tot he T-DNA and perfrom PCR on the plants DNA
d.B AND C
e.all of the above
d.B and C
can agrobacterium transfromations cause mutations in plant genes?
a.yes,because it causes large deletions
b.no,because it inserts in specific regions of the genome
c.yes,because rit inserts rnadomly in the genome
d.no,because it dnest change the palnts genome
c.yes,because rit inserts rnadomly in the genome
If you wanted to see where Gene A’s mRNA is expressed, you would:
a. Use Gene A’s promoter to drive expression of GFP
b. Perform in situ hybridizations using an antisense probe to Gene A
c. Perform in situ hybridiizations usinig a sense probe to Gene A
d. Use an antiibody to detect gene A’s mRNAA
e. A nad B
E. A aand B
Q20:If you wanted to see where Gene A’s protein accumulates, you would:
A- Perform in situ hybridizations using an antisense probe to Gene A
B- Perform in situ hybridizations using a sense probe to Gene A
C- Use the Gene A’s promoter to drive expression of GFP
D- Raise an antibody to Gene A and perform immunohistochemistry on tissue
e.- Perform a northern blot
D- Raise an antibody to Gene A and perform immunohistochemistry on tissue
How could transposons in the intron cause misexpression of KN1?
A-The transposon is causing a loss of function phenotype
B- Sequences in the transposon could act as promoters and affect the expression of the gene it inserts in to
C- The transposon is preventing a negatively acting cis-element in the intron from functioning
D- B and C
E- All of the above
D- B and C
Why might KN1 loss-of-function mutants have no phenotype?
A- It doesn’t play any role in plant development
B- Loss-of-function mutants look just like gain of function mutants
C- Loss-of function mutations are lethal
D- There is functional redundancy with other KN1-like family members
E- C and D
D- There is functional redundancy with other KN1-like family members
What is not quite right about the immunolocalizations of WUS?
A- It shouldn’t be blue
B- The signal is in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm
C- The section is in the wrong plane
D-There shouldn’t be signal in the L1 layer
E-All of the above
B- The signal is in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm
What is the limitation of these movement assays in these particular experiments?
A- They don’t show any function for the movement
B- They assay movement in the wrong direction
C- GFP makes the protein bigger so may prevent proper movement
D-All of the above
D. all
