Plant Bio Terms/Important Info Flashcards
5 major clades of fungi
chytridiomycota zygomycota glomeromycota ascomycota basediomycota
chytridiomycota
flagellated spores
some of the earliest fungal groups to diverge from other fungi
zygomycota
resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage
fruit and bread mold
glomeromycota
form mycorrhizae with plant roots
ascomycota
sexual spores borne internally in sacs (sac fungi)
also produce large amounts of asexual spores
75% of all known fungi
basediomycota
elaborate fruiting body
long-lived, heterokaryotic stage
photoautotroph
energy source is sunlight
carbon source is co2
chemoautotroph
energy source is inorganic molecules
carbon source is co2
chemoheterotroph
energy source is organic molecules
carbon source is organic molecules
photoheterotroph
energy source is sunlight
carbon source is organic molecules
animals have a _____mitosis
diploid
fungi have a ___mitosis
haploid
plants have a___mitosis
haplodiploid
auxin
produced in apical meristem–elongating growth(mostly shoot)
transport down shoot to root
fruit develop without pollination
indirect inhibition of axillary buds
influence light response to light and gravity
lateral root formation
cytokinins
produced in apical meristem (mostly root)
transport from root to shoot
promote cell division
axillary bud growth promotion
target plant dependent factors
growth largely impact ratio cytokinins:auxins
giberellins
often produced young leaves, roots, shoots stem elongation promote seed germination promote fruit enlargement regulate root size
abscisic acid
induce seed dormancy inhibit germination to early improve seed-dessication tolerance stomata closing promote leaf aging when plants go dominant in the winter overall growth inhibition
ethylene gas
fruit ripening (positive feedback)
triggers ripening of other fruits around it
stimulate flower production
signal onset leaf aging and abscission in deciduous plants
extremophiles
archaea
hyphae
tubular filaments of high surface area/volume ratio=enhances absorption
make up fruiting body called mycellium
cytosol or cytoplasm can move freely within hyphae
syngamy
fusion of gametes
secondary endosymbiosis explains___
presence of plastids
daiatoms
unicellular cell walls composed of silica two halves like petridish fixes carbon can sink into ocean floor, help take away co2=reduce global warming reproduce asexually freshwater and marine
golden algae
unicellular
close to diatoms and brown algae
freshwater and marine
color due to pigments
brown algae
marine algae including kelps secondary endosymbiosis occur in intertidal zone and in deep water keystone taxa in aquatic ecology evolved plant-like growth independence polysaccharides slow desiccation
red algae
primary endosymbiosis
mostly seaweeds, often reddish from pigments
closely related to green algae
reddish pigments absorb light in blue/green wavelengths, penetrate deepest in water
high rate of photosynthesis in blue and red spectrum
blue, short waves penetrate deeply
no plastids
green algae
unicellular to multicellular
primary endosymbiosis
marine, freshwater, snow-fields
no plastids
euglenoid
single cell
no cell wall
flagellated
early plant adaptations to land
dessication-resistant spores stomata cuticle gametangia embryo fungal associations secondary chemistry
vascular plant innovations
dominant sporophyte cuticle vascular tissue tracheids (lignified xylary conducting cells) branched sporophyte roots
biotic pollination
attractants, rewards
pollin vs nectar
further reduction of gametophyte generation
angio sperm= sperm only 3 cells
fruit types
simple
aggregate
accessory
simple
1 ovary of 1 flower
aggregate
multiple vraies on 1 flower
strawberry
raspberry
accessory
fleshy organ is not derived from ovary
strawberry
pineapple
pollination syndrome
moth=flower is white, sweet
butterfly=flower is colorful, sweet
bird=flower is reddish, no scent
bat=flower is white or pale, fruity or musky
fly=flower is reddish and lightly-spotted, rotten
wind-pollinated=petals small or absent
nutritive seed tissue
gymnosperms=gametophyte 2N
eudicots=cotyledons 2N
monocots=endosperm 3N
tissue systems
dermal
vascular
ground
dermal tissue
guard cells
periderm
vascular tissue
xylem and phloem
lignin secondary walls
xylem=tracheids and vessel elements
phloem=sieve tube elements and companion cells
ground tissue
includes cells specialized for photosynthesis, storage, and support
parenchyma=thin walls, protoplast, potential for division
collenchyma=thick, but flexible; support but still growth
sclerenchyma=rigid support, no elongation=lignin secondary wall
modified stems
stolon=strawberry
bulb=onion
tubers=potato (eyes)
modified leaves
tendrils=support for climbing
spines=cacti=protection
water-storage=succulents
trap leaves=absorb nitrogen
wood
secondary xylem
bark
secondary phloem and periderm
produced at slower rate
three zones of primary growth
division, elongation, differentiation
apoplast
around protoplast/cytoplasm
symplast
within cytoplasm
casparian strips
prevent apoplectic movement
passive transport
diffusion across membrane
active transport
movement of a solute across membrane against concentration gradient
bulk flow
movement of a fluid due to differences in pressure
rapid, long-distance
short-day plants
grow when night increases past critical threshold
long-day plants
grow when night decreases critical threshold
brassinosteroids
cell division
differentiation
so similar to auxin, barely distinctive
