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Plant Biology > Plant Bio Terms/Important Info > Flashcards

Plant Bio Terms/Important Info Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 major clades of fungi

A 
chytridiomycota
zygomycota
glomeromycota
ascomycota
basediomycota
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2
Q

chytridiomycota

A

flagellated spores

some of the earliest fungal groups to diverge from other fungi

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3
Q

zygomycota

A

resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage

fruit and bread mold

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4
Q

glomeromycota

A

form mycorrhizae with plant roots

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5
Q

ascomycota

A

sexual spores borne internally in sacs (sac fungi)
also produce large amounts of asexual spores
75% of all known fungi

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6
Q

basediomycota

A

elaborate fruiting body

long-lived, heterokaryotic stage

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7
Q

photoautotroph

A

energy source is sunlight

carbon source is co2

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8
Q

chemoautotroph

A

energy source is inorganic molecules

carbon source is co2

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9
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

energy source is organic molecules

carbon source is organic molecules

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10
Q

photoheterotroph

A

energy source is sunlight

carbon source is organic molecules

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11
Q

animals have a _____mitosis

A

diploid

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12
Q

fungi have a ___mitosis

A

haploid

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13
Q

plants have a___mitosis

A

haplodiploid

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14
Q

auxin

A

produced in apical meristem–elongating growth(mostly shoot)
transport down shoot to root
fruit develop without pollination
indirect inhibition of axillary buds
influence light response to light and gravity
lateral root formation

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15
Q

cytokinins

A

produced in apical meristem (mostly root)
transport from root to shoot
promote cell division
axillary bud growth promotion
target plant dependent factors
growth largely impact ratio cytokinins:auxins

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16
Q

giberellins

A 
often produced young leaves, roots, shoots
stem elongation
promote seed germination
promote fruit enlargement
regulate root size
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17
Q

abscisic acid

A 
induce seed dormancy
inhibit germination to early
improve seed-dessication tolerance
stomata closing
promote leaf aging when plants go dominant in the winter
overall growth inhibition
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18
Q

ethylene gas

A

fruit ripening (positive feedback)
triggers ripening of other fruits around it
stimulate flower production
signal onset leaf aging and abscission in deciduous plants

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19
Q

extremophiles

A

archaea

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20
Q

hyphae

A

tubular filaments of high surface area/volume ratio=enhances absorption
make up fruiting body called mycellium
cytosol or cytoplasm can move freely within hyphae

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21
Q

syngamy

A

fusion of gametes

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22
Q

secondary endosymbiosis explains___

A

presence of plastids

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23
Q

daiatoms

A 
unicellular
cell walls composed of silica
two halves like petridish
fixes carbon
can sink into ocean floor, help take away co2=reduce global warming
reproduce asexually
freshwater and marine
24
Q

golden algae

A

unicellular
close to diatoms and brown algae
freshwater and marine
color due to pigments

25
Q

brown algae

A 
marine algae including kelps
secondary endosymbiosis
occur in intertidal zone and in deep water
keystone taxa in aquatic ecology
evolved plant-like growth independence
polysaccharides slow desiccation
26
Q

red algae

A

primary endosymbiosis
mostly seaweeds, often reddish from pigments
closely related to green algae
reddish pigments absorb light in blue/green wavelengths, penetrate deepest in water
high rate of photosynthesis in blue and red spectrum
blue, short waves penetrate deeply
no plastids

27
Q

green algae

A

unicellular to multicellular
primary endosymbiosis
marine, freshwater, snow-fields
no plastids

28
Q

euglenoid

A

single cell
no cell wall
flagellated

29
Q

early plant adaptations to land

A 
dessication-resistant spores 
stomata 
cuticle
gametangia
embryo
fungal associations
secondary chemistry
30
Q

vascular plant innovations

A 
dominant sporophyte
cuticle
vascular tissue
tracheids (lignified xylary conducting cells)
branched sporophyte
roots
31
Q

biotic pollination

A

attractants, rewards

pollin vs nectar

32
Q

further reduction of gametophyte generation

A

angio sperm= sperm only 3 cells

33
Q

fruit types

A

simple
aggregate
accessory

34
Q

simple

A

1 ovary of 1 flower

35
Q

aggregate

A

multiple vraies on 1 flower
strawberry
raspberry

36
Q

accessory

A

fleshy organ is not derived from ovary
strawberry
pineapple

37
Q

pollination syndrome

A

moth=flower is white, sweet
butterfly=flower is colorful, sweet
bird=flower is reddish, no scent
bat=flower is white or pale, fruity or musky
fly=flower is reddish and lightly-spotted, rotten
wind-pollinated=petals small or absent

38
Q

nutritive seed tissue

A

gymnosperms=gametophyte 2N
eudicots=cotyledons 2N
monocots=endosperm 3N

39
Q

tissue systems

A

dermal
vascular
ground

40
Q

dermal tissue

A

guard cells

periderm

41
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem and phloem
lignin secondary walls
xylem=tracheids and vessel elements
phloem=sieve tube elements and companion cells

42
Q

ground tissue

A

includes cells specialized for photosynthesis, storage, and support
parenchyma=thin walls, protoplast, potential for division
collenchyma=thick, but flexible; support but still growth
sclerenchyma=rigid support, no elongation=lignin secondary wall

43
Q

modified stems

A

stolon=strawberry
bulb=onion
tubers=potato (eyes)

44
Q

modified leaves

A

tendrils=support for climbing
spines=cacti=protection
water-storage=succulents
trap leaves=absorb nitrogen

45
Q

wood

A

secondary xylem

46
Q

bark

A

secondary phloem and periderm

produced at slower rate

47
Q

three zones of primary growth

A

division, elongation, differentiation

48
Q

apoplast

A

around protoplast/cytoplasm

49
Q

symplast

A

within cytoplasm

50
Q

casparian strips

A

prevent apoplectic movement

51
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion across membrane

52
Q

active transport

A

movement of a solute across membrane against concentration gradient

53
Q

bulk flow

A

movement of a fluid due to differences in pressure

rapid, long-distance

54
Q

short-day plants

A

grow when night increases past critical threshold

55
Q

long-day plants

A

grow when night decreases critical threshold

56
Q

brassinosteroids

A

cell division
differentiation
so similar to auxin, barely distinctive

Plant Biology (1 decks)

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