Plant Bio Lab Practical 1 Flashcards
Magnification
How much bigger the microscope makes the object.
Working Distance
The space between the lens and object when it’s in focus.
Field of View
The amount of the object you can see at once through the microscope.
Depth of Field
How much of the object is in focus at different layers.
Dissecting Microscope
A microscope used to look at bigger objects in 3D at lower magnification.
Compound Microscope
A microscope with two lenses (eyepiece and objective. Smaller object higher magnification.
Objective Lens Magnification
Close lens = bigger image
Eyepiece Magnification
The lens you look at, usually 10x or 15x.
Iris Diaphragm Control
The light dial that lets you control how much light goes in the object, helping you see details more clearly.
Condenser
Light focus = clearer image.
What is a dissecting microscope?
To see bigger objects like insects or plants in 3D at low magnification.
How is it similar to a compound microscope?
Both magnify objects so you can see small details.
How is it different from a compound microscope?
A dissecting microscope shows a 3D image at low magnification, while a compound microscope shows a 2D image at high magnification.
Which microscope has a prism inside?
The compound microscope
What is the magnification in the ocular lens of the microscope?
Usually 10x (sometimes 15x)
What are the three magnifications in the lens objective? What color are they?
4x is Red.
10x is Yellow.
40x is Blue.
How do you calculate the magnification of the object you are looking at in medium power?
Multiply the eyepiece (10x) by the medium lens (10x). Total Magnification = 10x.
If you were to put the letter/word “go” in the microscope, how would it appear when viewing it through the microscope?
It would look upside down and backwards like “ob”.
As the magnification increases, the field of view decreases. Is this statement true?
Yes, this statement is true. As magnification goes up, you see less of the object, but in more detail.
If the total magnification is 20x, what is the magnification of the objective lens?
If the ocular lens is 10x, and the magnification would be: objective lens magnification =
20x/10x=2x
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Yes, new cells are always made from other cells.
Name two plastids from our lab and explain their function.
- Chloroplast: Is does photosynthesis to make energy from sunlight.
- Leucoplast: Stores starch or other nutrients in parts of the plant that doesn’t do photosynthesis.
What is the purpose of plasmodesmata?
Tiny channels that let plant cells share nutrients and signals with each other.
Cytoplasmic Streaming
The movement of stuff inside the cell to help things like nutrients and signals with each other.
Vacuole
A storage area in plant cells for water, nutrients, and waste. It also helps keep the cell firm.
Nucleus
The brain of the cell that controls activities and holds DNA.
Nucleolus
Inside the nucleus, it makes ribosomes, which helps build protein.
Cell Wall
A strong outer layer around plant cells that support and protects the cell.
Middle Lamella
A sticky layer that helps glue plants together.
Plasmodesmata
Small channels that connect plant cells, letting them share materials.
Organelles
Tiny structures inside cells that each have specific jobs, like the nucleus or mitochondria.
Chloroplast
An organelle in plant cells that does photosynthesis it uses sunlight to make energy for the plant.
Crystals (Rhapids & Druses)
Rhapids: Needle shaped crystals found in plant cells often used for defense.
Druses: Star shaped crystals that can also be used for defense or storing materials.
Mitochondria
The powerhouse on the cell that produces energy by breaking down food.
Ribosomes
Tiny organelles that make proteins in the cell. They can be free-floating or attached to other structures.
Plasma Membrane
The outer layer of the cell that controls what goes in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasmic Strands
Cell threads = move + talk inside the cell.
Through what cellular feature do plant cells communicate and exchange various molecules?
Plasmodesmata: Tiny channels that connect plant cells, allowing them to share nutrients and signals.
AKA Plant cell tunnels for sharing.
What is an organelle? Why is it useful?
Organelle: Small parts inside a cell that do specific jobs (like making energy). They are useful because they help the cell work more efficiently, like having special tools for different tasks.
What are three meristem cell growth regions and where are they located?
Apical Meristem: At the tips of the roots and shoots; helps plant grow taller.
Lateral Meristem: Along the sides of stems and roots; helps the plant grow wider.
Intercalary Meristem: At the base of the leaves and stems; allows growth in those areas; especially in grasses.
Mitosis consist of four different phases. What are those phases?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
REMEMBER: I-M-P-A-T. What does it stand for?
Interphase
Metaphase
Prophase
Anaphase
Telophase
What is happening in Interphase and what stage is it?
Interphase (before mitosis starts):
The cell is getting ready: DNA is copies, and cell grows bigger preparing for division.
What is happening in Prophase and what stage is it?
Prophase (P)
Prep phase: The chromosomes (DNA) condense and become visible. The nuclear membrane starts breaking down.
What is happening in Metaphase and what stage is it?
Metaphase (M)
Middle phase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
What is happening in Anaphase and what stage is it?
Anaphase (A)
Apart phase: The chromosomes are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell.
What is happening in Telophase and what stage is it?
Telophase (T) (No stage)
Two new nuclei: The chromosomes are at opposites ends, and two new nuclear membranes from around them.
Interphase
The cell gets ready to divide, copying it’s DNA and growing.
Prophase
Chromosomes show up, and the nucleus starts breaking down.
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase
Chromosomes get pulled apart to opposites ends.
Telophase
Two nuclei from around the separated chromosomes.
Cytokinesis
The cell splits into separate cells.
Meristem
Growth tips = root and stem growth
Daughter Cells
The two new cells made after the parent cell splits.
Parent Cells
The original cell that divides to form two daughter cells.
What happens to the chromatids during metaphase? Anaphase? Telophase?
Metaphase: Chromatids line up in the middle.
Anaphase: Chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides.
Telophase: Two new nuclei from around the chromatids.
What is Cytokinesis?
The cells splits into two new cells.
Taproot
A thick main root that grows straight down, like a carrot.
Fibrous Root
A network of thin roots spreading out from the base Of the plant.
Cotyledons
The plants first leaves from a seed.
Epicotyl
The part of the embryo below the cotyledons, which becomes the root and lower stem.
Lamina
The flat part of a leaf (the “leaf blade”).
Petiole
The stem that attaches the leaf to the main plant.
Primary root and shoot meristem
Meristem is where new cells form for root (bottom) and shoot (top) growth.
Dermal
The outer protective layer of a plant (like skin).
Vascular
The plants system for moving water and nutrients, like a circulatory system.
Ground
The tissue responsible for support, storage and photosynthesis.
Xylem
Carries water from roots to the rest of the plant.
Phloem
Carries sugar (food) made by the leaves to other parts of the plants.
Epidermis
The plants outmost layer, protecting it from outside.
Stomatal Apparatus
The structure that controls the opening and closing of stomata (tiny pores).
Stomata
Tiny pores on leaves that allow the plant to exchange gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
Palisade Mesophyll
Leaf layer = photosynthesis power
Monocot
A plant with one seed leaf (cotyledon), like grass or corn.
Dicot
A plant with two seed leaves (cotyledons), like beans or sunflowers.
Sclerenchyma
A type of plant cells that provides strong support, has a thick cell wall.
Fibers
Long; thin sclerenchyma cells that give support of the plant.
Parenchyma
The most common plant cell type, involved in photosynthesis storage and healing.
Collenchyma
Cells that provide flexible support, especially in growing parts of the plant.
Scienreids
Small, tough sclerenchyma cells that give plants harness, like in a pear or nutshells.
Pith
The soft, spongy tissue in the center of a plant stem.
Epidermal Trichomes
Tiny plant hairs = protection + water saver.
Seive tube elements
cells in the phloem that help transport sugars through the plant.
Companion Cells
Cells next to seive tubes that help them function and move sugars.
When would a compound microscope be appropriate, and would a dissecting microscope be appropriate?
It would be appropriate when looking through the specimen.
Which objective lens should be in place when you first start examining a slide?
The first lens should be the lowest power lens.
How do you secure the slide on the stage?
Secure the stage clips
What is the primary component of the primary cell wall in plant cells?
Lignin
Why is it important to center the specimen in your field of view before switching to a higher magnification?
You can maintain better control over it and focus.
Which of the following cells typically have a secondary cell wall?
Sclerenchyma Cells
What substance is in the meddle lamella helps to stick adjacent plant cells together?
Pectin
Where does the secondary cell wall form in relation to the primary cell wall and the the cell membrane?
Inside the primary cell wall, next to the cell membrane.
What is the main function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
Enabling communication and material exchange between cells.
Why is it difficult to locate plasmodesmata using a light microscope?
They are extremely small (0.05 micrometers in diameter).
What is the appearance of the primary cell wall under a microscope?
Translucent and thin.
What molecule found in the secondary cell wall provides additional strength?
Lignin
Which of the following statements is true about the primary cell wall?
It is composed of cellulose microfibrils.
What is the primary function of the middle lamella in plant tissues?
Holding adjacent cells together.
