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Plant Bio Lab Practical 1 > Plant Bio Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Plant Bio Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Magnification

A

How much bigger the microscope makes the object.

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2
Q

Working Distance

A

The space between the lens and object when it’s in focus.

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3
Q

Field of View

A

The amount of the object you can see at once through the microscope.

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4
Q

Depth of Field

A

How much of the object is in focus at different layers.

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5
Q

Dissecting Microscope

A

A microscope used to look at bigger objects in 3D at lower magnification.

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6
Q

Compound Microscope

A

A microscope with two lenses (eyepiece and objective. Smaller object higher magnification.

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7
Q

Objective Lens Magnification

A

Close lens = bigger image

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8
Q

Eyepiece Magnification

A

The lens you look at, usually 10x or 15x.

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9
Q

Iris Diaphragm Control

A

The light dial that lets you control how much light goes in the object, helping you see details more clearly.

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10
Q

Condenser

A

Light focus = clearer image.

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11
Q

What is a dissecting microscope?

A

To see bigger objects like insects or plants in 3D at low magnification.

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12
Q

How is it similar to a compound microscope?

A

Both magnify objects so you can see small details.

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13
Q

How is it different from a compound microscope?

A

A dissecting microscope shows a 3D image at low magnification, while a compound microscope shows a 2D image at high magnification.

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14
Q

Which microscope has a prism inside?

A

The compound microscope

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15
Q

What is the magnification in the ocular lens of the microscope?

A

Usually 10x (sometimes 15x)

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16
Q

What are the three magnifications in the lens objective? What color are they?

A

4x is Red.
10x is Yellow.
40x is Blue.

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17
Q

How do you calculate the magnification of the object you are looking at in medium power?

A

Multiply the eyepiece (10x) by the medium lens (10x). Total Magnification = 10x.

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18
Q

If you were to put the letter/word “go” in the microscope, how would it appear when viewing it through the microscope?

A

It would look upside down and backwards like “ob”.

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19
Q

As the magnification increases, the field of view decreases. Is this statement true?

A

Yes, this statement is true. As magnification goes up, you see less of the object, but in more detail.

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20
Q

If the total magnification is 20x, what is the magnification of the objective lens?

A

If the ocular lens is 10x, and the magnification would be: objective lens magnification =
20x/10x=2x

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21
Q

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

A

Yes, new cells are always made from other cells.

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22
Q

Name two plastids from our lab and explain their function.

A
  1. Chloroplast: Is does photosynthesis to make energy from sunlight.
  2. Leucoplast: Stores starch or other nutrients in parts of the plant that doesn’t do photosynthesis.
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23
Q

What is the purpose of plasmodesmata?

A

Tiny channels that let plant cells share nutrients and signals with each other.

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24
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

The movement of stuff inside the cell to help things like nutrients and signals with each other.

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25
Q

Vacuole

A

A storage area in plant cells for water, nutrients, and waste. It also helps keep the cell firm.

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26
Q

Nucleus

A

The brain of the cell that controls activities and holds DNA.

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27
Q

Nucleolus

A

Inside the nucleus, it makes ribosomes, which helps build protein.

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28
Q

Cell Wall

A

A strong outer layer around plant cells that support and protects the cell.

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29
Q

Middle Lamella

A

A sticky layer that helps glue plants together.

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30
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Small channels that connect plant cells, letting them share materials.

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31
Q

Organelles

A

Tiny structures inside cells that each have specific jobs, like the nucleus or mitochondria.

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32
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle in plant cells that does photosynthesis it uses sunlight to make energy for the plant.

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33
Q

Crystals (Rhapids & Druses)

A

Rhapids: Needle shaped crystals found in plant cells often used for defense.
Druses: Star shaped crystals that can also be used for defense or storing materials.

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34
Q

Mitochondria

A

The powerhouse on the cell that produces energy by breaking down food.

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35
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny organelles that make proteins in the cell. They can be free-floating or attached to other structures.

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36
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The outer layer of the cell that controls what goes in and out of the cell.

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37
Q

Cytoplasmic Strands

A

Cell threads = move + talk inside the cell.

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38
Q

Through what cellular feature do plant cells communicate and exchange various molecules?

A

Plasmodesmata: Tiny channels that connect plant cells, allowing them to share nutrients and signals.
AKA Plant cell tunnels for sharing.

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39
Q

What is an organelle? Why is it useful?

A

Organelle: Small parts inside a cell that do specific jobs (like making energy). They are useful because they help the cell work more efficiently, like having special tools for different tasks.

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40
Q

What are three meristem cell growth regions and where are they located?

A

Apical Meristem: At the tips of the roots and shoots; helps plant grow taller.

Lateral Meristem: Along the sides of stems and roots; helps the plant grow wider.

Intercalary Meristem: At the base of the leaves and stems; allows growth in those areas; especially in grasses.

41
Q

Mitosis consist of four different phases. What are those phases?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

42
Q

REMEMBER: I-M-P-A-T. What does it stand for?

A

Interphase
Metaphase
Prophase
Anaphase
Telophase

43
Q

What is happening in Interphase and what stage is it?

A

Interphase (before mitosis starts):
The cell is getting ready: DNA is copies, and cell grows bigger preparing for division.

44
Q

What is happening in Prophase and what stage is it?

A

Prophase (P)
Prep phase: The chromosomes (DNA) condense and become visible. The nuclear membrane starts breaking down.

45
Q

What is happening in Metaphase and what stage is it?

A

Metaphase (M)
Middle phase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

46
Q

What is happening in Anaphase and what stage is it?

A

Anaphase (A)
Apart phase: The chromosomes are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell.

47
Q

What is happening in Telophase and what stage is it?

A

Telophase (T) (No stage)
Two new nuclei: The chromosomes are at opposites ends, and two new nuclear membranes from around them.

48
Q

Interphase

A

The cell gets ready to divide, copying it’s DNA and growing.

49
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes show up, and the nucleus starts breaking down.

50
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

51
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes get pulled apart to opposites ends.

52
Q

Telophase

A

Two nuclei from around the separated chromosomes.

53
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cell splits into separate cells.

54
Q

Meristem

A

Growth tips = root and stem growth

55
Q

Daughter Cells

A

The two new cells made after the parent cell splits.

56
Q

Parent Cells

A

The original cell that divides to form two daughter cells.

57
Q

What happens to the chromatids during metaphase? Anaphase? Telophase?

A

Metaphase: Chromatids line up in the middle.
Anaphase: Chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides.
Telophase: Two new nuclei from around the chromatids.

58
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

The cells splits into two new cells.

59
Q

Taproot

A

A thick main root that grows straight down, like a carrot.

60
Q

Fibrous Root

A

A network of thin roots spreading out from the base Of the plant.

61
Q

Cotyledons

A

The plants first leaves from a seed.

62
Q

Epicotyl

A

The part of the embryo below the cotyledons, which becomes the root and lower stem.

63
Q

Lamina

A

The flat part of a leaf (the “leaf blade”).

64
Q

Petiole

A

The stem that attaches the leaf to the main plant.

65
Q

Primary root and shoot meristem

A

Meristem is where new cells form for root (bottom) and shoot (top) growth.

66
Q

Dermal

A

The outer protective layer of a plant (like skin).

67
Q

Vascular

A

The plants system for moving water and nutrients, like a circulatory system.

68
Q

Ground

A

The tissue responsible for support, storage and photosynthesis.

69
Q

Xylem

A

Carries water from roots to the rest of the plant.

70
Q

Phloem

A

Carries sugar (food) made by the leaves to other parts of the plants.

71
Q

Epidermis

A

The plants outmost layer, protecting it from outside.

72
Q

Stomatal Apparatus

A

The structure that controls the opening and closing of stomata (tiny pores).

73
Q

Stomata

A

Tiny pores on leaves that allow the plant to exchange gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).

74
Q

Palisade Mesophyll

A

Leaf layer = photosynthesis power

75
Q

Monocot

A

A plant with one seed leaf (cotyledon), like grass or corn.

76
Q

Dicot

A

A plant with two seed leaves (cotyledons), like beans or sunflowers.

77
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

A type of plant cells that provides strong support, has a thick cell wall.

78
Q

Fibers

A

Long; thin sclerenchyma cells that give support of the plant.

79
Q

Parenchyma

A

The most common plant cell type, involved in photosynthesis storage and healing.

80
Q

Collenchyma

A

Cells that provide flexible support, especially in growing parts of the plant.

81
Q

Scienreids

A

Small, tough sclerenchyma cells that give plants harness, like in a pear or nutshells.

82
Q

Pith

A

The soft, spongy tissue in the center of a plant stem.

83
Q

Epidermal Trichomes

A

Tiny plant hairs = protection + water saver.

84
Q

Seive tube elements

A

cells in the phloem that help transport sugars through the plant.

85
Q

Companion Cells

A

Cells next to seive tubes that help them function and move sugars.

86
Q

When would a compound microscope be appropriate, and would a dissecting microscope be appropriate?

A

It would be appropriate when looking through the specimen.

87
Q

Which objective lens should be in place when you first start examining a slide?

A

The first lens should be the lowest power lens.

88
Q

How do you secure the slide on the stage?

A

Secure the stage clips

89
Q

What is the primary component of the primary cell wall in plant cells?

A

Lignin

89
Q

Why is it important to center the specimen in your field of view before switching to a higher magnification?

A

You can maintain better control over it and focus.

90
Q

Which of the following cells typically have a secondary cell wall?

A

Sclerenchyma Cells

91
Q

What substance is in the meddle lamella helps to stick adjacent plant cells together?

A

Pectin

92
Q

Where does the secondary cell wall form in relation to the primary cell wall and the the cell membrane?

A

Inside the primary cell wall, next to the cell membrane.

93
Q

What is the main function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

A

Enabling communication and material exchange between cells.

94
Q

Why is it difficult to locate plasmodesmata using a light microscope?

A

They are extremely small (0.05 micrometers in diameter).

95
Q

What is the appearance of the primary cell wall under a microscope?

A

Translucent and thin.

96
Q

What molecule found in the secondary cell wall provides additional strength?

A

Lignin

97
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the primary cell wall?

A

It is composed of cellulose microfibrils.

98
Q

What is the primary function of the middle lamella in plant tissues?

A

Holding adjacent cells together.

Plant Bio Lab Practical 1 (1 decks)

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