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BIOL 1011 PLANT BIO > PLANT BIO > Flashcards

PLANT BIO Flashcards

1
Q

charophytes

A

closest relatives of land plants

a type of green algae

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2
Q

plasmodesmata

A

extensions of the cell membrane through pores in the cell wall

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3
Q

sporopollenin

A

most durable organic substance on earth

polymer

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4
Q

reasons to move to land

A

air filters less sunlight
air has more CO2
early terrestrial environment lacked pathogens/predators
soil is richer in nutrients

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5
Q

antheridium

A 
male sex organs 
produces sperm
sex organs are haploid
mitosis 
meiosis has already occurred
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6
Q

archegonium

A

female sex organs
produces egg
haploid

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7
Q

embryophyte location

A

zygote retained in maternal tissue

haploid tissue of mother

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8
Q

alteration of generations

A

both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular
all land plants
independently in evolution several/many times
gametophyte (haploid, 1n) gametes
sporophyte (diploid, 2n) spores
rarely in red or green algae

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9
Q

land plant meiosis makes ________

A

spores

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10
Q

spore

A

single cell that can divide to produce multicellular organisms (sporopollen)

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11
Q

gamete

A

single cell that can unite with another gamete to produce a diploid zygote

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12
Q

chlamydomonas

A

green algae without alternation of generations
asexual reproduction
under stressful conditions-sexual reproduction
+/- not male/female due to same size
gender determined by a single gene
zygote undergoes meiosis

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13
Q

4 major phyla of land plants

A

mosses
ferns
conifers
angiosperm

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14
Q

mosses (Bryophyta)

A 
15 000 species 
damp areas
no true vascular tissue 
low growing 
gametophyte dominant 
swimming sperm 
no true leaves 
homosporous (1 spore size)
about 410 million years ago
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15
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem
phloem
provides support and supply

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16
Q

ferns (pterophyta)

A 
20 000 species 
about 400 million years ago
vascular tissue 
swimming sperm
sporophyte dominant 
homosporous or heterosporous
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17
Q

homosporous

A

one spore size

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18
Q

fern sorus

A

a group of sporangia

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19
Q

megasporangium produces __________

A

megaspores (eggs)

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20
Q

microsporangium produces ____________

A

microspores (sperm)

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21
Q

seed plants have both _____ and ______

A

seeds and pollen

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22
Q

seed

A

embryo + nutrition + seed coat

develops from ovule

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23
Q

ovule

A

novel structure appearing in seed plants
site of female meiosis
contains female gametophyte, female sex organs, egg, and embryo

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24
Q

pollen

A

mature male gametophyte
few cells in size
contains sperm

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25
conifers (coniferophyta)
``` 550 species reproductive organs in cones sporophyte dominant heterosporous microgametophyte: pollen megagametophyte: within ovule, makes egg then nourishes embryo slow reproduction ```
26
white pine needles come in groups of ___
five
27
gymnosperms are ______
Naked seeds
28
flowering plants (anthophyta)
``` 300 000 named species 400 000 species in total reproductive organs in flowers sporophyte dominant heterosporous triploid (3n) endosperm megagametophyte - 8 nuclei microgametophyte - pollen ```
29
flower structure
4 whorls of modified leaves
30
monocots
grasses, orchids, irises, lilies, palms : venins parallel
31
eudicots
oak, maple, dandelions, sunflowers, legumes, melons, potatoes, poppies veins are netlike 3 openings for pollen multiples of 3 or 4
32
male and female sex organs within a flower are _______
hermaphroditic
33
pollination
arrival of pollen on stigma or on receptive female cone only seed plants conifers: wind flowering plants: bees, moths, butterflies, birds, bats, wind
34
convergent evolution
traits have evolved separately many times | can occur in unrelated plant species
35
angiosperm life cycle
double fertilization pollen contains 2 active functional sperm only one survives female meiosis central cell: polar nuclei one sperm unites with embryo second sperm unites with central cell to produce endosperm (3n)
36
antheridia and archegonia are __________ sex organs
jacketed
37
3 variations on alternation of generations
1. sporophyte dependent on gametophyte 2. large sporophyte and small, independent gametophyte 3. reduced gametophyte dependent on sporophyte
38
2 systems in vascular plants
shoots | roots
39
plant cell walls
``` extracellular mostly cellulose 2 kinds -primary wall: thin and in all -secondary: thick and in some cells (strength) ```
40
shoots
makes the stems iris rhizome strawberry stolon potato tuber
41
function of plant cell wall
``` determines/maintains shape mechanical strength prevents membrane from bursting controls rate/direction of cell growth regulates cell volume responsible for plant architectural design ```
42
plant cells are connected by __________
plasmodesmatas
43
3 tissue systems in vascular plants
1. dermal tissue- single layer, secretes cuticle (waxy) 2. vascular tissue- xylem and phloem, support and supply 3. ground tissue- bulk of young plant space between dermal and vascular tissues
44
epidermis is _______ tissue
dermal
45
parenchyma are _________ tissue
ground
46
collenchyma is _____ tissue
ground
47
sclerenchyma is ______ tissue
ground
48
tracheids and vessel elements are _____ tissue
vascular
49
sieve elements are ______ tissue
vascular
50
cuticle
formed by the epidermal cells outermost part is wax protect against water loss, pathogens and UV radiation
51
secretory trichomes
plant hairs
52
parenchyma
``` most metabolic processes usually lack secondary wall ground tissue fruit flesh pith and cortex of stems and roots ```
53
collenchyma
``` support thick uneven no secondary wall alive at maturity can elongate ```
54
sclerenchyma
``` support protection thick secondary wall, lignified can't elongate may be dead 2 forms -fibers -sclereids ```
55
tracheids and vessel elements
support and supply dead at maturity secondary lignified wall vascular
56
sieve tube elements
transport sugars and other organic compounds alive at maturity with companion cell (parenchyma)
57
plants grow from _______
meristems
58
apical meristems (AM)
``` root am and shoot am primary growth makes 3 other meristems: -protoderm -procambium -ground meristem ```
59
lateral meristems (LM)
vascular cambium and cork cambium secondary growth only conifers and woody eudicots make wood and bark
60
all 3 tissue types arise from the _______ meristems
apical
61
root hairs are ________ ________ cells
single epidermal
62
3 zones of root primary growth
zone of cell division zone of elongation zone of maturation
63
endodermis
innermost layer of cortex
64
stele
all vascular tissue in root and stem arising from pro cambium
65
pericycle
where lateral roots are | just inside of epidermis
66
vascular cambium produces
secondary xylem to inside secondary phloem to outside more vascular cambium (increase circumference) rays-parenchyma for lateral transport
67
fusiform initials make
tracheids and vessel elements | sieve elements
68
heartwood is the ____ wood
dark
69
sapwood is the _____ wood
light
70
growth rings
occur because the cells at the beginning of the year are wide and become more narrow by the end of the year
71
lignin
second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose gives strength to wood and bark can occur in cell walls of non woody plants deposited in cell walls; fill spaces and binds cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin
72
cork cambium
new lateral meristem arises from cylinder of cortex cells outside the vascular cambium and secondary phloem makes cork to outside (waterproof)
73
first law of thermodynamics
can't create or destroy energy can only change from one to another ex: electricity to light
74
second law of thermodynamics
energy spontaneously tends to flow only from being concentrated in one place to becoming spread out
75
transpiration
water leaves the plant typically through leaves
76
cytoplasm
all material inside cell membrane
77
cytosol
part of the cytoplasm excluding organelles
78
3 transport routes
trans-membrane symplastic apoplastic
79
cellulose
main component of cell walls highly absorbent polysaccharide most abundant organic compound on earth
80
water potential , Psi
megapascal (mPa) water potential energy potential refers to water's capacity to perform work determines direction of movement of water higher to lower water potential
81
plasmolysis
loss of water from cell by osmosis
82
flaccid cell
membrane contracting cell wall but flaccid
83
water and minerals travel _______ in xylem
upward
84
apoplast
nonliving continuum outside cytosol, including: cell walls, xylem cells, extracellular spaces
85
symplast
continuum of cytosol connected by plasmodesmata
86
casparian strip
primary wall and middle lamella
87
mycorrhizae
mutualism between plants and fungi increase surface area aid absorption of minerals
88
transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism
passive process upward water and minerals xylem under tension
89
control of transpiration by stomata (xylem transport)
``` cues to open at dawn -light -CO2 depletion -circadian rhythm dry conditions -abscisic acid: hormone -causes K+ to leave guard cells -stimulates stoma to close ```
90
Phloem transport
``` sugar in solution pressure-flow hypothesis from source to sink -loading of sugar -uptake of water -unloading of sugar -water recycled water potential is higher at top than bottom water flows down xylem and up phloem ```
91
aphid
taps phloem | stylet: goal to stick this in sugar water
92
water potential energy is the sum of ____ and _____ _____ _____
solute | pressure potential energy
93
photosynthesis
source of O2 in atmosphere 50% terrestrial plants 50% marine phytoplankton and macro algae first step in moving energy
94
photosynthesis reaction for one molecule of glucose
6CO2 + 12H2O -> C6H12O6+ 6H2O+ 6O2
95
light reactions
``` light hits chlorophyll molecule electrons bounced to higher energy level and off chlorophyll molecule chl steals electrons from oxidized H2O water molecule falls apart photolysis -> oxygen ```
96
NADP+ and NAD+ are ________ agents
oxidizing
97
NADPH and NADH are _________ agents
reducing
98
Calvin cycle (dark reactions)
``` make sugar (precursor) occur in stroma of chloroplast use NADPH and ATP from light reactions supply light reactions with NADPH and ADP "true cycle" ```
99
rubisco
``` most important on the planet special protein ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase dual nature adds CO2 and O2 ```
100
photorespiration
metabolic pathway that - consumes oxygen - releases CO2 - makes no ATP - decreases photosynthetic output
101
CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants
10% of species cactus pineapple blue agave (tequila)
102
physical defences
thorns | trichomes
103
chemical defences
distasteful compounds | toxic compounds
104
hormone
organic substance made in one place and transported to another place where it affects growth and other processes
105
ethylene
``` C2H4 gas most plant parts leaf abscission- caused by a change (increase) in ratio ethylene:auxin triple respond in seedlings fruit ripening root hair production most commercially produced organic compound in the world -- many uses ```
106
triple response
germination pea seedlings in dark slowing stem elongation stem thickening horizontal stem growth
107
autocatalytic
promotes its own production
108
fungi
``` heterotrophic eukaryotic main body is haploid both multicellular and unicellular cell wall made of chitin 120 000 species ```
109
hyphae
mycelium is a mass of hyphae 2 kinds -septate hypha -coenocytic hypha
110
plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm
111
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei | fertilization- makes zygote -> zygotic meiosis
112
heterokaryotic stage
1n + 1n | unfused nuclei from different parents
113
spores in fungi
``` haploid <20um nucleus, dehydrated cytoplasm, and protective coat mitosis: asexual meiosis: sexual ```
114
purpose of spores in fungi
move to new food source | new genetic combinations
115
asexual reproduction fungi
1. spores in sporangia 2. conidia (spores) in conidiophores 3. budding
116
fungi are closely related to ______ (opisthokonts)
animals
117
there are ___ phyla of fungi
5
118
chytridiomycota (chytrids)
``` 1000 species single cells/colonies with hyphae flagellated "zoospore" -haploid -"zoo" because it swims aquatic, soil decomposers, parasites, commensals ```
119
zygomycota (zygomycetes)
1000 species coenocytic hyphae decomposers parasites
120
glomeromycota (glomeromycetes)
``` 160 species non-septate hyphae asexual only obligate symbiosis: mycorrhizae live in close association with plant roots symbiotic relationship with land plants ```
121
basidiomycota (basidiomycetes)
``` 30 000 species decomposers and ectomycorrhizal long-lived dikaryotic mycelium multicellular separate mycelia fruiting body = "basidiocarp" sexual asexual- conidia formed by hyphae ```
122
leaf-cutter ants are _____ ________
fungus farmers
123
ascomycota (ascomycete)
``` 65 000 species "sac" fungi multicellular or unicellular asexual reproduction: conidia sexual reproduction: fruiting body = ascocarp, cup fungi ```
124
asexual reproduction in ascomycota
unicellular: yeast -> budding multicellular: formation of conidia
125
xylem pressure is always _______
negative
126
life cycle animal
meiosis -> egg/sperm ---haploid-----> fertilization ----diploid---> zygote ---> adult
127
life cycle land plants
meiosis -> spores -> gametophyte -> egg/sperm -> fertilization -> sporophyte
128
life cycle fungi (zygotic meiosis)
meiosis (haploid cells)(+,+,-,-) -> 1n/1n (haploid individuals) -> syngamy (gametes)(+,-) -> zygote (2n)
129
the main energy molecule is __________
starch
130
all plant cells have walls except plant ______ cells
sperm
131
thylakoids
membranes inside chloroplasts | contain chlorophyll
132
botany
the study of plants
133
agriculture was invented ________ years ago
10 000

BIOL 1011 PLANT BIO (1 decks)

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