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BIOL 1011 PLANT BIO > PLANT BIO > Flashcards

PLANT BIO Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

charophytes

A

closest relatives of land plants

a type of green algae

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2
Q

plasmodesmata

A

extensions of the cell membrane through pores in the cell wall

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3
Q

sporopollenin

A

most durable organic substance on earth

polymer

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4
Q

reasons to move to land

A

air filters less sunlight
air has more CO2
early terrestrial environment lacked pathogens/predators
soil is richer in nutrients

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5
Q

antheridium

A 
male sex organs 
produces sperm
sex organs are haploid
mitosis 
meiosis has already occurred
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6
Q

archegonium

A

female sex organs
produces egg
haploid

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7
Q

embryophyte location

A

zygote retained in maternal tissue

haploid tissue of mother

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8
Q

alteration of generations

A

both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular
all land plants
independently in evolution several/many times
gametophyte (haploid, 1n) gametes
sporophyte (diploid, 2n) spores
rarely in red or green algae

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9
Q

land plant meiosis makes ________

A

spores

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10
Q

spore

A

single cell that can divide to produce multicellular organisms (sporopollen)

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11
Q

gamete

A

single cell that can unite with another gamete to produce a diploid zygote

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12
Q

chlamydomonas

A

green algae without alternation of generations
asexual reproduction
under stressful conditions-sexual reproduction
+/- not male/female due to same size
gender determined by a single gene
zygote undergoes meiosis

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13
Q

4 major phyla of land plants

A

mosses
ferns
conifers
angiosperm

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14
Q

mosses (Bryophyta)

A 
15 000 species 
damp areas
no true vascular tissue 
low growing 
gametophyte dominant 
swimming sperm 
no true leaves 
homosporous (1 spore size)
about 410 million years ago
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15
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem
phloem
provides support and supply

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16
Q

ferns (pterophyta)

A 
20 000 species 
about 400 million years ago
vascular tissue 
swimming sperm
sporophyte dominant 
homosporous or heterosporous
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17
Q

homosporous

A

one spore size

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18
Q

fern sorus

A

a group of sporangia

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19
Q

megasporangium produces __________

A

megaspores (eggs)

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20
Q

microsporangium produces ____________

A

microspores (sperm)

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21
Q

seed plants have both _____ and ______

A

seeds and pollen

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22
Q

seed

A

embryo + nutrition + seed coat

develops from ovule

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23
Q

ovule

A

novel structure appearing in seed plants
site of female meiosis
contains female gametophyte, female sex organs, egg, and embryo

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24
Q

pollen

A

mature male gametophyte
few cells in size
contains sperm

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25
Q

conifers (coniferophyta)

A 
550 species 
reproductive organs in cones 
sporophyte dominant 
heterosporous 
microgametophyte: pollen
megagametophyte: within ovule, makes egg then nourishes embryo 
slow reproduction
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26
Q

white pine needles come in groups of ___

A

five

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27
Q

gymnosperms are ______

A

Naked seeds

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28
Q

flowering plants (anthophyta)

A 
300 000 named species
400 000 species in total 
reproductive organs in flowers 
sporophyte dominant 
heterosporous 
triploid (3n) endosperm 
megagametophyte - 8 nuclei 
microgametophyte - pollen
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29
Q

flower structure

A

4 whorls of modified leaves

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30
Q

monocots

A

grasses, orchids, irises, lilies, palms : venins parallel

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31
Q

eudicots

A

oak, maple, dandelions, sunflowers, legumes, melons, potatoes, poppies
veins are netlike
3 openings for pollen
multiples of 3 or 4

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32
Q

male and female sex organs within a flower are _______

A

hermaphroditic

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33
Q

pollination

A

arrival of pollen on stigma or on receptive female cone
only seed plants
conifers: wind
flowering plants: bees, moths, butterflies, birds, bats, wind

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34
Q

convergent evolution

A

traits have evolved separately many times

can occur in unrelated plant species

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35
Q

angiosperm life cycle

A

double fertilization
pollen contains 2 active functional sperm
only one survives female meiosis
central cell: polar nuclei
one sperm unites with embryo
second sperm unites with central cell to produce endosperm (3n)

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36
Q

antheridia and archegonia are __________ sex organs

A

jacketed

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37
Q

3 variations on alternation of generations

A
  1. sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
  2. large sporophyte and small, independent gametophyte
  3. reduced gametophyte dependent on sporophyte
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38
Q

2 systems in vascular plants

A

shoots

roots

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39
Q

plant cell walls

A 
extracellular 
mostly cellulose 
2 kinds 
-primary wall: thin and in all
-secondary: thick and in some cells (strength)
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40
Q

shoots

A

makes the stems
iris rhizome
strawberry stolon
potato tuber

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41
Q

function of plant cell wall

A 
determines/maintains shape 
mechanical strength 
prevents membrane from bursting 
controls rate/direction of cell growth 
regulates cell volume 
responsible for plant architectural design
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42
Q

plant cells are connected by __________

A

plasmodesmatas

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43
Q

3 tissue systems in vascular plants

A
  1. dermal tissue- single layer, secretes cuticle (waxy)
  2. vascular tissue- xylem and phloem, support and supply
  3. ground tissue- bulk of young plant space between dermal and vascular tissues
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44
Q

epidermis is _______ tissue

A

dermal

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45
Q

parenchyma are _________ tissue

A

ground

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46
Q

collenchyma is _____ tissue

A

ground

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47
Q

sclerenchyma is ______ tissue

A

ground

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48
Q

tracheids and vessel elements are _____ tissue

A

vascular

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49
Q

sieve elements are ______ tissue

A

vascular

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50
Q

cuticle

A

formed by the epidermal cells
outermost part is wax
protect against water loss, pathogens and UV radiation

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51
Q

secretory trichomes

A

plant hairs

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52
Q

parenchyma

A 
most metabolic processes
usually lack secondary wall
ground tissue
fruit flesh
pith and cortex of stems and roots
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53
Q

collenchyma

A 
support
thick
uneven
no secondary wall
alive at maturity 
can elongate
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54
Q

sclerenchyma

A 
support 
protection
thick secondary wall, lignified 
can't elongate 
may be dead
2 forms 
-fibers
-sclereids
55
Q

tracheids and vessel elements

A

support and supply
dead at maturity
secondary lignified wall
vascular

56
Q

sieve tube elements

A

transport sugars and other organic compounds
alive at maturity
with companion cell (parenchyma)

57
Q

plants grow from _______

A

meristems

58
Q

apical meristems (AM)

A 
root am and shoot am 
primary growth 
makes 3 other meristems:
-protoderm
-procambium
-ground meristem
59
Q

lateral meristems (LM)

A

vascular cambium and cork cambium
secondary growth
only conifers and woody eudicots
make wood and bark

60
Q

all 3 tissue types arise from the _______ meristems

A

apical

61
Q

root hairs are ________ ________ cells

A

single epidermal

62
Q

3 zones of root primary growth

A

zone of cell division
zone of elongation
zone of maturation

63
Q

endodermis

A

innermost layer of cortex

64
Q

stele

A

all vascular tissue in root and stem arising from pro cambium

65
Q

pericycle

A

where lateral roots are

just inside of epidermis

66
Q

vascular cambium produces

A

secondary xylem to inside
secondary phloem to outside
more vascular cambium (increase circumference)
rays-parenchyma for lateral transport

67
Q

fusiform initials make

A

tracheids and vessel elements

sieve elements

68
Q

heartwood is the ____ wood

A

dark

69
Q

sapwood is the _____ wood

A

light

70
Q

growth rings

A

occur because the cells at the beginning of the year are wide and become more narrow by the end of the year

71
Q

lignin

A

second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose
gives strength to wood and bark
can occur in cell walls of non woody plants
deposited in cell walls; fill spaces and binds cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin

72
Q

cork cambium

A

new lateral meristem
arises from cylinder of cortex cells outside the vascular cambium and secondary phloem
makes cork to outside (waterproof)

73
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

can’t create or destroy energy
can only change from one to another
ex: electricity to light

74
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

energy spontaneously tends to flow only from being concentrated in one place to becoming spread out

75
Q

transpiration

A

water leaves the plant typically through leaves

76
Q

cytoplasm

A

all material inside cell membrane

77
Q

cytosol

A

part of the cytoplasm excluding organelles

78
Q

3 transport routes

A

trans-membrane
symplastic
apoplastic

79
Q

cellulose

A

main component of cell walls
highly absorbent
polysaccharide
most abundant organic compound on earth

80
Q

water potential , Psi

A

megapascal (mPa)
water potential energy
potential refers to water’s capacity to perform work
determines direction of movement of water
higher to lower water potential

81
Q

plasmolysis

A

loss of water from cell by osmosis

82
Q

flaccid cell

A

membrane contracting cell wall but flaccid

83
Q

water and minerals travel _______ in xylem

A

upward

84
Q

apoplast

A

nonliving continuum outside cytosol, including: cell walls, xylem cells, extracellular spaces

85
Q

symplast

A

continuum of cytosol connected by plasmodesmata

86
Q

casparian strip

A

primary wall and middle lamella

87
Q

mycorrhizae

A

mutualism between plants and fungi
increase surface area
aid absorption of minerals

88
Q

transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism

A

passive process
upward
water and minerals
xylem under tension

89
Q

control of transpiration by stomata (xylem transport)

A 
cues to open at dawn
-light 
-CO2 depletion
-circadian rhythm
dry conditions 
-abscisic acid: hormone 
-causes K+ to leave guard cells 
-stimulates stoma to close
90
Q

Phloem transport

A 
sugar in solution
pressure-flow hypothesis 
from source to sink
-loading of sugar
-uptake of water
-unloading of sugar
-water recycled 
water potential is higher at top than bottom
water flows down xylem and up phloem
91
Q

aphid

A

taps phloem

stylet: goal to stick this in sugar water

92
Q

water potential energy is the sum of ____ and _____ _____ _____

A

solute

pressure potential energy

93
Q

photosynthesis

A

source of O2 in atmosphere
50% terrestrial plants
50% marine phytoplankton and macro algae
first step in moving energy

94
Q

photosynthesis reaction for one molecule of glucose

A

6CO2 + 12H2O -> C6H12O6+ 6H2O+ 6O2

95
Q

light reactions

A 
light hits chlorophyll molecule 
electrons bounced to higher energy level and off chlorophyll molecule
chl steals electrons from oxidized H2O
water molecule falls apart 
photolysis -> oxygen
96
Q

NADP+ and NAD+ are ________ agents

A

oxidizing

97
Q

NADPH and NADH are _________ agents

A

reducing

98
Q

Calvin cycle (dark reactions)

A 
make sugar (precursor)
occur in stroma of chloroplast 
use NADPH and ATP from light reactions 
supply light reactions with NADPH and ADP
"true cycle"
99
Q

rubisco

A 
most important on the planet 
special protein
ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
dual nature
adds CO2 and O2
100
Q

photorespiration

A

metabolic pathway that

  • consumes oxygen
  • releases CO2
  • makes no ATP
  • decreases photosynthetic output
101
Q

CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants

A

10% of species
cactus
pineapple
blue agave (tequila)

102
Q

physical defences

A

thorns

trichomes

103
Q

chemical defences

A

distasteful compounds

toxic compounds

104
Q

hormone

A

organic substance made in one place and transported to another place where it affects growth and other processes

105
Q

ethylene

A 
C2H4
gas
most plant parts
leaf abscission- caused by a change (increase) in ratio ethylene:auxin
triple respond in seedlings
fruit ripening 
root hair production
most commercially produced organic compound in the world -- many uses
106
Q

triple response

A

germination pea seedlings in dark
slowing stem elongation
stem thickening
horizontal stem growth

107
Q

autocatalytic

A

promotes its own production

108
Q

fungi

A 
heterotrophic 
eukaryotic 
main body is haploid 
both multicellular and unicellular 
cell wall made of chitin 
120 000 species
109
Q

hyphae

A

mycelium is a mass of hyphae
2 kinds
-septate hypha
-coenocytic hypha

110
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of cytoplasm

111
Q

karyogamy

A

fusion of nuclei

fertilization- makes zygote -> zygotic meiosis

112
Q

heterokaryotic stage

A

1n + 1n

unfused nuclei from different parents

113
Q

spores in fungi

A 
haploid
<20um
nucleus, dehydrated cytoplasm, and protective coat 
mitosis: asexual
meiosis: sexual
114
Q

purpose of spores in fungi

A

move to new food source

new genetic combinations

115
Q

asexual reproduction fungi

A
  1. spores in sporangia
  2. conidia (spores) in conidiophores
  3. budding
116
Q

fungi are closely related to ______ (opisthokonts)

A

animals

117
Q

there are ___ phyla of fungi

A

5

118
Q

chytridiomycota (chytrids)

A 
1000 species 
single cells/colonies with hyphae 
flagellated "zoospore"
-haploid
-"zoo" because it swims 
aquatic, soil
decomposers, parasites, commensals
119
Q

zygomycota (zygomycetes)

A

1000 species
coenocytic hyphae
decomposers
parasites

120
Q

glomeromycota (glomeromycetes)

A 
160 species
non-septate hyphae 
asexual only 
obligate symbiosis: mycorrhizae 
live in close association with plant roots 
symbiotic relationship with land plants
121
Q

basidiomycota (basidiomycetes)

A 
30 000 species 
decomposers and ectomycorrhizal
long-lived dikaryotic mycelium 
multicellular 
separate mycelia
fruiting body = "basidiocarp" sexual 
asexual- conidia formed by hyphae
122
Q

leaf-cutter ants are _____ ________

A

fungus farmers

123
Q

ascomycota (ascomycete)

A 
65 000 species 
"sac" fungi 
multicellular or unicellular 
asexual reproduction: conidia 
sexual reproduction: fruiting body = ascocarp, cup fungi
124
Q

asexual reproduction in ascomycota

A

unicellular: yeast -> budding
multicellular: formation of conidia

125
Q

xylem pressure is always _______

A

negative

126
Q

life cycle animal

A

meiosis -> egg/sperm —haploid—–> fertilization —-diploid—> zygote —> adult

127
Q

life cycle land plants

A

meiosis -> spores -> gametophyte -> egg/sperm -> fertilization -> sporophyte

128
Q

life cycle fungi (zygotic meiosis)

A

meiosis (haploid cells)(+,+,-,-) -> 1n/1n (haploid individuals) -> syngamy (gametes)(+,-) -> zygote (2n)

129
Q

the main energy molecule is __________

A

starch

130
Q

all plant cells have walls except plant ______ cells

A

sperm

131
Q

thylakoids

A

membranes inside chloroplasts

contain chlorophyll

132
Q

botany

A

the study of plants

133
Q

agriculture was invented ________ years ago

A

10 000

BIOL 1011 PLANT BIO (1 decks)

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