Plant, animal and specialised cells Flashcards
What are specialised cells?
Cells which have a structure that makes them adapted to their function.
What is the nucleus’ function?
Plant/Animal: contains genetic material (organised into chromosomes). Controls the activities of the cell.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
Plant/Animal: Gel like substance where most chemical reactions happen. Contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Plant/Animal: holds cell together and controls what goes in and out.
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Plant/Animal: where reactions for respiration happens. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work.
What is the function of the ribosomes?
Plant/Animal: Translation of genetic material in the synthesis (the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials) of proteins.
What is the function of the rigid cell wall?
Plant: Made of cellulose, supports cell and strengthens it.
What is the function of the large vacuole?
Plant: Contains cell sap (a weak solution of sugar/salts). Maintains internal pressure to support the cell.
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
Plant: Where photosynthesis occurs. Contains a green substance called chlorophyll.
What are egg cells specialisation for reproduction?
Egg cell’s nucleus contains half number of normal chromosomes in a body (haploid). So when the egg nucleus fuses with a sperm cell nucleus (which is also haploid) a fertilised egg (zygote) is created, with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
What are egg cells specialisations/reproductions?
- Carries female DNA to nourish the embryo in early stages
- Contains nutrients in cytoplasm to feed embryo
- Has a haploid nucleus
- After fertilisation, it’s membrane changes structure to stop any more sperm entering (ensuring offspring has the right amount of DNA).
What are sperm cell specialisations?
- Transports male DNA to female egg
- Long tail to swim to egg
- Lots of mitochondria in middle section to provide energy (from respiration) needed to swim.
- Acrosome stores enzymes needed to digest it’s way through membrane of the egg cell.
- Contains haploid nucleus.
What are ciliated epithelial cell specialisations?
- Moves materials
- Epithelial cells line surfaces of organs
- Some have Cilia (hair like structures) on top surface of the cell, which beat to move substances in one direction along surface of tissue e.g lining of airways
- Cilia moves mucus up to throat to be swallowed, away from lungs.
What are Prokaryotic cells?
Small/simple cells, bacteria. Contains no nucleus or structures surrounded by membrane. DNA is free in cytoplasm. Prokaryote is a Prokaryotic cell (single celled organism).
What are Eukaryotic cells?
Have a nucleus and structures surrounded by membranes. Includes all animal and plant cells. Eukaryotes are organisms made up of these cells.
