Plant And Animal Tissues Flashcards
What is the initial state of all multicellular organisms?
A single cell (fertilised egg or zygote)
This single cell undergoes repeated divisions to form more cells.
What do cells form when they group together and perform a specific function?
Tissues
A group of similar cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
What are the two main kinds of plant tissues?
Meristematic and permanent tissues
These tissues have distinct functions in plant growth and development.
Where are meristematic tissues found in plants?
At growing points such as the tips of roots, stems, and branches
These tissues are involved in length growth of the plant.
What is the primary function of meristematic tissues?
To produce more cells leading to plant growth
These tissues consist of actively dividing cells.
What is the structural organization of multicellular organisms?
Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems
This hierarchical organization is characteristic of both plants and animals.
What type of cells constitute muscle tissue?
Contractile cells
Muscle tissue is specifically made up of cells that can contract.
Fill in the blank: A group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a specific function is called _______.
Tissue
True or False: Meristematic tissues are responsible for the growth in thickness of stems.
True
Growth in thickness is also attributed to meristematic tissues.
What are organ systems made up of?
Organs
Organ systems consist of different organs that work together to perform specific functions.
What are the two main categories of tissues in the bodies of plants and animals?
Plant tissues and animal tissues
Both categories consist of various types of tissues that serve different functions.
What is the purpose of the activity mentioned with green gram seeds?
To study the activity of meristematic tissue in a plant
The activity involves soaking seeds and observing growth.
What are meristematic tissues?
Meristematic tissues are tissues that consist of small cells with thin walls, large nuclei, and are capable of active division to form new cells.
What are the main characteristics of meristematic tissues?
The main characteristics are: (i) small cells, (ii) thin cell-walls, (iii) large and conspicuous nuclei, (iv) almost without vacuoles, and (v) actively divide to add new cells.
What are permanent (non-dividing) tissues?
Permanent tissues form the bulk of the plant body, do not divide, and become specialized, remaining the same throughout their life.
How are permanent tissues formed?
New cells are formed when meristematic cells divide, and these cells grow, mature, and differentiate into various types of permanent tissues.
What are the two main types of permanent tissues?
The two main types are simple permanent tissue (provides support and protection) and complex permanent tissue (conducts nutrients and water).
What are the two types of simple permanent tissues?
The two types are (i) protective tissue and (ii) supportive tissue.
What is protective tissue?
Protective tissue consists of cells with thick walls and is found on the surface of roots, stems, and leaves.
What is an example of protective tissue?
An example is the epidermis of leaves, which secretes a waxy water-proof substance.
Water drops do not stick on a leaf due to this waxy layer.
What are the categories of supportive tissue?
Supporting tissue has three categories: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
What is parenchyma?
Parenchyma is composed of large thin-walled living cells, usually with intercellular spaces, and is found in the soft parts of the plant.
What is the first type of plant tissue to study?
Parenchyma
Look at the large thin-walled cells with a large vacuole. These cells are found in the softer parts of the plant such as pith of roots and stems.
What should you observe in Collenchyma?
Observe the elongated walls which have thickened walls.
You will see thickenings at the corners. These cells are found in the leaf stalks and below the epidermis of stems.
What characterizes Sclerenchyma?
Look at the long and narrow cells such as cotton fibre.
They are found in the stem and veins of the leaves.
What should you look for in Xylem?
Look at the thick-walled tubular cells placed end to end like a drain pipe.
Xylem rings indicate the age of the stem.
What is Phloem?
Look at the tubular structure lined with cells having distinct nuclei.
It is involved in the transport of nutrients in plants.
What does the cambium do in a woody stem?
The cambium (meristematic tissues) gives rise to a new xylem ring every year.
This results in annual rings of xylem indicating the age of the stem.
What are the main components of potatoes?
Potatoes are mainly composed of parenchyma cells, which store starch.
What is the function of parenchyma cells?
Parenchyma cells are involved in photosynthesis, respiration, storage of food, and buoyancy in aquatic plants.
What are the characteristics of collenchyma?
Collenchyma consists of elongated living cells with unevenly thickened cell walls at the edges.
Where is collenchyma found?
Collenchyma is found in petioles, veins of the leaves, and young stems.
What is the function of collenchyma?
Collenchyma provides flexible mechanical support to plant parts.
What are the characteristics of sclerenchyma?
Sclerenchyma consists of long, narrow, thick-walled dead cells with absent intercellular spaces.
Where is sclerenchyma found?
Sclerenchyma is found in mature parts of the plant, such as wood and bark.
What is the function of sclerenchyma?
Sclerenchyma provides rigid mechanical and structural support to the plant.
What is the function of xylem?
Transports water and minerals absorbed by the roots to other plant parts.
Consists mainly of dead cells and conduction is unidirectional (only upwards from the roots).
What is the function of phloem?
Conducts food manufactured in the leaves to other plant parts.
Consists mainly of living cells and conduction is bidirectional (both upwards and downwards from the leaves).
What are the main components of xylem?
Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibres.
What are the main components of phloem?
Phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres.
What is the role of xylem cells?
Xylem cells transport water and minerals absorbed by the roots from the soil, upward to the leaves.
What is the role of phloem cells?
Phloem cells provide a passage for the transport of materials, including food manufactured in the leaves.
How do the cells in phloem connect?
The cells in phloem are placed end-to-end, and the partitions between the cells dissolve to form long channels.
What is the difference in cell type between xylem and phloem?
Xylem mainly consists of dead cells, while phloem mainly consists of living cells.
What is the direction of conduction in xylem?
Conduction in xylem is unidirectional, meaning it only moves upwards from the roots.
What is the direction of conduction in phloem?
Conduction in phloem is bidirectional, meaning it moves both upwards and downwards from the leaves.
What is the function of xylem in plants?
Transports water and minerals to different parts of the plant
Xylem consists of thick-walled, tubular dead cells.
What are the two main types of plant tissues?
Meristematic Tissues and Permanent Tissues
Meristematic tissues consist of actively dividing cells, while permanent tissues are specialized cells that perform particular functions.
What type of cells does parenchyma consist of?
Large, thin-walled cells
Parenchyma is involved in storage and tissue repair.
What is the primary role of phloem in plants?
Provides passage for the upward and downward movement of food prepared by the green leaves
Phloem consists of tubular living cells.
What are the four major groups of animal tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
These groups classify animal tissues based on their structure and function.
What is the shape of squamous epithelium cells?
Thin, flattened, and polygonal
Example: Cells of the outer layer of skin.
What type of epithelium is found in the lining of kidney tubules?
Cuboidal epithelium
These cells are usually concerned with absorption.
What is a characteristic feature of columnar epithelium?
Vertically arranged, tall, cylindrical or column-like cells
Example: Inner lining of stomach and intestine.
Fill in the blank: The __________ tissue forms a thin protective layer of cells covering the body surface.
[Epithelial] tissue
Epithelial tissue also forms the lining of various body cavities and internal organs.
What is the role of ciliated epithelium?
Moves substances in its contact
Ciliated epithelium has cilia that keep lashing to facilitate movement.
What are the three types of supporting tissues in plants?
Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Parenchyma
These tissues provide structural support to the plant.
True or False: Meristematic tissues do not divide.
False
Meristematic tissues are actively dividing cells that produce more cells.
What type of cells are found in sclerenchyma?
Long, narrow, and dead thick-walled cells
Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support to the plant.
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
Connective tissue connects various other tissues and organs and provides support to different organs.
Name the three kinds of connective tissue.
- Supportive connective tissue
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Fluid connective tissue
What types of connective tissue fall under supportive connective tissue?
- Bone
- Cartilage
What is the role of cartilage in the body?
Cartilage covers the ends of bones and supports certain organs such as the tip of the nose and the external ear.
Fill in the blank: Cartilage consists of a clear ground substance called _______.
[matrix]
What is the main supportive structure of vertebrates?
Bone
Describe the matrix in bone tissue.
The matrix is hard and made of calcium and phosphorus salts, deposited in concentric layers around a central canal.
What is the function of fibrous connective tissue?
Fibrous connective tissue serves for packing and binding of most of the organs.
What does areolar tissue do?
Areolar tissue binds our skin to the underlying tissue.
What is adipose tissue primarily composed of?
Adipose tissue contains cells filled with fat globules.
What is the function of tendons?
Tendons connect muscles to bones at joints.
Fill in the blank: Ligaments connect a bone to _______ at joints.
[another bone]
What types of fibers are tendons rich in?
Tendons are rich in white fibers.
What types of fibers are ligaments rich in?
Ligaments are rich in yellow fibers.
