Plant and Animal Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction only requires one parent and the offspring produced are genetically identical to the parent cell.

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2
Q

What are the advantages of reproducing asexually?

A
  • Valuable commercially due to similarity among the offspring
  • Allows single rare plants to be cloned
  • Plants can reproduce very quickly
  • A single plant can reproduce on its own
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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of reproducing asexually?

A
  • There is no genetic variation among offspring
  • All the individuals will be succeptible to the same disease
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4
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction with two parents, involves gametes and fertilisation. This also results in genetic variation.

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5
Q

What is the advantages of reproducing sexually?

A
  • Mixture of genes from two parents produces unique variations
  • Some offspring will have the ability to survive under changing conditions
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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of reproducing sexually?

A
  • Can only take place when there is successful pollination/fertilisation
  • Difficult to predict exactly what the offspring will be like
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7
Q

What is pollination?
What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from anther to a stigma.
If this occurs on the same flower = self-pollination
If the pollen is transfered to a different flower = cross-pollination

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8
Q

Label the flowering plant below:

A
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9
Q

plants

What is the carpel?

A

The female reproductive parts of a plant. Include stigma, style, ovary, ovule.

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10
Q

plants

What is the stamen?

A

The male reproductive parts of a plant. Include anther and filaments.

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11
Q

plants

What is the ovary?

A

The female reproductive organ of a plant which holds the ova inside of ovules.

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12
Q

What is the female gamete in plants?

A

The ovum (also known as the egg cell). This part joins with pollen during fertilisation

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13
Q

What is the male gamete in plants?

A

Pollen. This joins with the ovum during fertilisation.

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14
Q

plants

What is the anther?

A

Produces pollen

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15
Q

What are the features of wind pollinated plants?

A
  • Dull in colour
  • Not scented
  • Pollen smooth, some has air sacs. small and light
  • No nectar
  • Small and insignificant petals (or none at all)
  • Anthers and stigma exposed outside the flower
  • Large feathery stigmas
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16
Q

What are the features of insect pollinated plants?

A
  • Large, brightly coloured petals
  • Small, round sticky stigmas
  • Anthers and stigmas enclosed within the flower
  • Nectar
  • Pollen larger, and sticky or with hooks
  • Scented
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17
Q

plants

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is the fusion of the male gamete (pollen) nucleus and the female gamete (ovum) nucleus

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18
Q

What are the steps of fertilisation? (in plants)

A
  1. Pollen lands on the stigma
  2. Pollen grain grows a pollen tube down the style into the ovary
  3. Pollen nucleus travels down the pollen tube and moves out of the tube into the ovule
  4. Pollen nucleus fertilises the ovum nucleus
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19
Q

What happens after fertilisation has occured? (in plants)

A
  • The ovary becomes a fruit
  • The fertilised ovule becomes a seed
  • The fertilised ovum develops into an embryo plant
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20
Q

Label the part of this (broad bean) seed:

A
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21
Q

What are methods of seed dispersion?

A
  • wind
  • water
  • animals (carrying or eating)
  • mechanical (bursting or shaking)
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22
Q

plants

What is germination?

A

the growth of a new plant from a new seed.

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23
Q

plants

What happens to the radicle and the plumule during germination?

A

During germination the food store in the seed is used up to provide energy for the radicle and the plumule to grow
* The radicle grows down into the soil to absorb water and minerals
* The plumule grows upwards to absorb light to photosynthesis

24
Q

What do plants need in germination?

A
  • Water - used for starch digestion (hydrolysis)
  • Oxygen - needed for aerobic respiration to release energy from stored food
  • Warmth - needed to make enzymes that digest starch and carry out respiration active (also enzymes work faster at higher temperatures)
25
Q

What happens to a seed during germination?

A
  • Seeds are dry (less than 10% water) which stops cellular reactions from taking place so they can remain dormant for a long a time
  • When germination happens, dormancy is broken. This usually begins with the seed taking up water for chemical reactions to take place in. Water enters by the micropile allowing it to split.
  • Once the first leaves emerge from the ground, the seedling can start to photosynthesise and germination is over.
26
Q

What are the three ways that plants reproduce asexually?

A
  • Runners: a new genetically identical plant begins to grow where the runner touches the ground
  • Tubers: form underground, each tuber can produce several new genetically identical plants
  • Bulbs: these are the bases of leaves which have become swollen with food. Buds in them will grow into new, genetically identical plants
27
Q

How can humans make plants reproduce asexually?

A

By taking cuttings

A shoot from the parent plant is cut off. Plant shoots contain stem cells which have the ability to turn into any type of plant cell.

28
Q

Why are humans unable to reproduce when they young?

A

They are sexually immature

29
Q

Label the male reproductive system

A
30
Q

What is pubity?

A

Changes that lead to sexual maturity. These changes are caused by hormones.

31
Q

What are the two main developments which happens in pubity?

A
  • Gametes start to mature and be released
  • The bodies of both sexes adapt to allow reproduction to take place
32
Q

Where are gametes released from in the male and female body?

A
  • Female - egg cells - ovary
  • Male - sperm - testes
33
Q

What is implantation?

A

Implantation is when the embryo emebds itself into the wall of the uterus. This will allow the placenta to form.

34
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is the fusing of the nucleus of the egg and sperm to form a zygote. Takes place in the oviduct.

(zygote -> embryo -> foetus -> baby)

35
Q

What are the steps of pregnancy?

A
  1. An egg cell matures inside the ovary then is released (ovulation), making its way down the oviduct
  2. Sperm cells produced in the testes move through the male reproductive system (sperm duct and urethra) and are ejaculated in semen from the penis
  3. Sperm cells swim through the cervix snd down both oviducts - only one will contain an egg cell
  4. A number of sperm will reach the egg. Enzymes in the acrosome allow the sperm to burrow into the outer layer of the egg.
  5. Once the sperm has fused with the membrane of the egg, the zona pellucida hardens to prevent the entry of any further sperm
  6. The nucleus of the sperm enters the egg cell and fuses with its nucleus to form a zygote with a full diploid set of chromosomes (fertilisation
  7. The zygote undergoes cell division by mitosis to form an embryo. The embryo is wafted along the oviduct by the cilia
  8. The embryo reaches the uterus where it implants itself into the lining where it develops into a foetus
36
Q

Label the diagram of pregnancy:

A
37
Q

What is the placenta?

A

The placenta is an organ which develops along with the foetus. In the placenta the mother and the foetus’ blood flow very close to each other, but don’t mix. This allows for the transfer of nutrients, antibodies and oxygen to the foetus and the removal of waste.

38
Q

What joins the placenta and the foetus?

A

The umbilical cord. At birth this is cut and the ‘scar’ left behind is the bellybutton.

39
Q

What substances are transfered from the foetus to the mother in the placenta?

A
  • carbon dioxide (needs to be removed as a waste product from respiration)
  • urea (waste)
40
Q

What substances are transfered from the mother to the foetus in the placenta?

A
  • oxygen (to release energy from food -respiration)
  • glucose (also used in respiration)
  • calcium (growth of bones)
  • antibodies (gives the foetus immunity to certain diseases when it is born)
41
Q

What are periods caused by?

A

changes in the level of different hormones within a female’s body

42
Q

What are periods

A

Periods prepare a female’s body for having a baby

43
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The menstrual cycle is a recurring process which happens every 28 days involving the breakdown of the uterus lining if fertilisation doesn’t occur.

44
Q

What are the four main events in the menstrual cycle?

A
45
Q

What happens in days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining breaks down (this is called menstruation) The pituitary gland releases FSH which travels to the ovaries in the bloodstream.

46
Q

What happens in day 5-14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH causes an egg to mature in the ovary. As it grows and matures, the ovary secretes oestrogen which causes the lining of the uterus to thicken.

Oestrogen also travels to the pituitary gland, inhibiting further release of FSH (so no more eggs mature) and stimulating the release of LH

47
Q

What happens in days 14-21 of the menstrual cycle?

A

LH causes the release of an egg (ovulations) half way through the cycle

48
Q

What happens in days 21-28 of the menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone is released by the ovary which maintains the uterus lining while also inhibiting the release of LH.
Levels of progesterone decrease if the egg is not fertilised and will remain high if the woman is not pregnant.

49
Q

What is the gland, target organ and effects of Oestrogen?

A
50
Q

What is the gland, target organ and effects of LH?

A
51
Q

What is the gland, target organ and effects of Progesterone?

A
52
Q

How is the placenta specialised for exchange?

A

Short diffusion distance
-the blood of mother and foetus are very close
Constant blood flow
-maintains high concentration gradient
Large surface area
-due to villi, there is more space for diffusion

53
Q

What are the names of the male and female sex hormones and where are they produced?

A

Female - estrogen - ovaries
Male - testosterone - testes

54
Q

Give two changes that only happen in males during puberty

A
  • testes and penis grow
  • voice breaks (gets deeper)
55
Q

Give two changes that only happen in females during puberty

A
  • menstrual cycle and periods start
  • ovaries begin releasing eggs every month
56
Q

What is the gland, target organ and effects of FSH?

A
57
Q

Label the female reproductive system

A