Plant and Animal Reproduction Flashcards
What is asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction only requires one parent and the offspring produced are genetically identical to the parent cell.
What are the advantages of reproducing asexually?
- Valuable commercially due to similarity among the offspring
- Allows single rare plants to be cloned
- Plants can reproduce very quickly
- A single plant can reproduce on its own
What are the disadvantages of reproducing asexually?
- There is no genetic variation among offspring
- All the individuals will be succeptible to the same disease
What is sexual reproduction?
Reproduction with two parents, involves gametes and fertilisation. This also results in genetic variation.
What is the advantages of reproducing sexually?
- Mixture of genes from two parents produces unique variations
- Some offspring will have the ability to survive under changing conditions
What are the disadvantages of reproducing sexually?
- Can only take place when there is successful pollination/fertilisation
- Difficult to predict exactly what the offspring will be like
What is pollination?
What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?
The transfer of pollen from anther to a stigma.
If this occurs on the same flower = self-pollination
If the pollen is transfered to a different flower = cross-pollination
Label the flowering plant below:
plants
What is the carpel?
The female reproductive parts of a plant. Include stigma, style, ovary, ovule.
plants
What is the stamen?
The male reproductive parts of a plant. Include anther and filaments.
plants
What is the ovary?
The female reproductive organ of a plant which holds the ova inside of ovules.
What is the female gamete in plants?
The ovum (also known as the egg cell). This part joins with pollen during fertilisation
What is the male gamete in plants?
Pollen. This joins with the ovum during fertilisation.
plants
What is the anther?
Produces pollen
What are the features of wind pollinated plants?
- Dull in colour
- Not scented
- Pollen smooth, some has air sacs. small and light
- No nectar
- Small and insignificant petals (or none at all)
- Anthers and stigma exposed outside the flower
- Large feathery stigmas
What are the features of insect pollinated plants?
- Large, brightly coloured petals
- Small, round sticky stigmas
- Anthers and stigmas enclosed within the flower
- Nectar
- Pollen larger, and sticky or with hooks
- Scented
plants
What is fertilisation?
Fertilisation is the fusion of the male gamete (pollen) nucleus and the female gamete (ovum) nucleus
What are the steps of fertilisation? (in plants)
- Pollen lands on the stigma
- Pollen grain grows a pollen tube down the style into the ovary
- Pollen nucleus travels down the pollen tube and moves out of the tube into the ovule
- Pollen nucleus fertilises the ovum nucleus
What happens after fertilisation has occured? (in plants)
- The ovary becomes a fruit
- The fertilised ovule becomes a seed
- The fertilised ovum develops into an embryo plant
Label the part of this (broad bean) seed:
What are methods of seed dispersion?
- wind
- water
- animals (carrying or eating)
- mechanical (bursting or shaking)
plants
What is germination?
the growth of a new plant from a new seed.