Plant Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 33-38

Question 1

Annuals

Answer 1

herbaceous plants that grow, reproduce and die in one year

Question 2

Biennials

Answer 2

herbaceous plants that take two years to complete their life cycles before dying.

Question 3

Perennials

Answer 3

herbaceous plants live for more than two years

Underground parts my become dormant

Question 4

Woody Perennials

Answer 4

Many are deciduous but others can be evergreen

Question 5

Vascular Plants

Answer 5

Organized into a root and shoot system which has stem, leaves, and in flowering plants, fruit and nuts

Question 6

Plant Cells

Answer 6

Organized into tissues.

Question 7

Simple Tissues

Answer 7

One kind of cell

Question 8

Complex Tissues

Answer 8

Two or more kinds of cells

Question 9

Ground Tissue System

Answer 9

Variety of functions, including photosynthesis, storage, and support. Composed of three tissues
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.

Question 10

Vascular Tissue System

Answer 10

Conducts substances such as water, dissolved minerals, and food (dissolved sugar) throughout the plant body

Question 11

Dermal Tissue System

Answer 11

Outer covering of a plant, provides a covering for the plant body (epidermis) woody plants have periderm

Question 12

Cell Walls

Answer 12

Primary Cell Wall- secreted by plant, expands as cell grows.

Secondary Cell Wall- Inside the primary cell wall, between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane.

Question 13

Parenchyma

Answer 13

Simple tissue, found throughout plant body, cells are alive and metabolically active, cells can differentiate into other kinds of cells

Question 14

Collenchyma

Answer 14

Very flexible, simple plant tissue, provides support in soft and nonwoody plant organs, cells are alive at maturity, primary cell walls are especially thick in the corners

Question 15

Sclerenchyma

Answer 15

Simple plant tissue, specialized for structural support, have primary walls and thick secondary walls, thin areas in secondary walls allow for exchange of substances between adjacent living cells, mature functioning cells are dead

Question 16

Sclereids

Answer 16

Sclerenchyma cells of variable shape common in shells of nuts and in stones of fruits

Question 17

Fibers

Answer 17

Long, tapered cells, that occur in clumps in wood, inner bark, and leaf ribs (veins) of flowering plants

Question 18

Cellulose

Answer 18

Polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by B-14 bonds

Question 19

Cellulose microfibril

Answer 19

Formed by 40 to 70 chains that lie parallel to one another and connect by hydrogen bonding

Question 20

Hemicellulose

Answer 20

Polysaccharides that vary in composition, some are composed of xyloglucan (B-1, 4- glucose with side chains of xylose)

Question 21

Pectin

Answer 21

Polysaccharide of a-galacturonic acid monomers

Question 22

Lignin

Answer 22

Strengthening polymer made up of monomers derived from certain amino acids

Question 23

Vascular Tissue System

Answer 23

Embedded into the ground tissue, transports needed materials throughout the pant via two complex tissues, xylem and phloem.

Question 24

Xylem

Answer 24

Conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to stems and leaves, and provides structural support

Question 25

Tracheids and Vessel elements

Answer 25

conduct water and dissolved minerals, fibers provide support, xylem parenchyma perform storage functions

Question 26

Phloem

Answer 26

Conducts carbohydrates formed in photosynthesis throughout the plant, and provides structural support

Question 27

Sieve tube elements and Companion cells

Answer 27

Work together to transport carbohydrates, fibers provide additional support

Question 28

Primary Growth

Answer 28

An increase in stem and root length, produces the entire plant body in herbaceous plants and the young, soft shoots and roots in woody trees and shrubs, occurs in apical meristems

Question 29

Secondary Growth

Answer 29

Gymnosperms and woody eudicots have secondary growth, wood and bark make up the bulk of trees and shrub are produced by secondary growth

Question 30

Vascular Cambium

Answer 30

layer of meristematic cells between the wood and bark of a woody plant, adds more cells to the wood and inner bark

Question 31

Cork Cambium

Answer 31

Cylinder or irregular arrangement of meristematic cells in the outer bark, collectively cork cells, cork cambium, and cork parenchyma make up the periderm

Question 32

Bark

Answer 32

Outermost covering of woody stems and roots, consists of all plant tissues outside the vascular cambium. Two regions, inner bark (secondary phloem) and mostly dead outer bark (periderm)

Question 33

Development

Answer 33

In plants, all changes that take place during the entire life of an individual, cells specialize and organize into a complex organism

Question 34

Cell Differentiation

Answer 34

Certain cells become biochemically and structurally specialized to carry out specific functions, occurs through cell determination

Question 35

Cell Determination

Answer 35

A series of molecular events that cause a cell to progressively commit to a particular differentiation pathway

Question 36

Differential Gene Expression

Answer 36

Determine the structure and function of the cell, can turn on or turn off genes

Question 37

Leaf Terms

Answer 37

Petiole- attaches blade to the stem Stipules- leaflike outgrowths at the base of the petiole Sessile- leaves without a petiole Axillary buds- form at the base of a leaf

Question 38

Cuticle

Answer 38

Secreted by epidermal cells, reduces water loss from exterior walls (made primarily by cutin)

Question 39

Trichomes

Answer 39

Some help reduce water loss, some secrete stinging irritants for deterring herbivores, some excrete excess salts

Question 40

Stomata

Answer 40

Created by guard cells which open and close the stomata, exchange gas between leaf cells and the environment

Question 41

Mesophyll Cells

Answer 41

Parenchyma cells packed with chloroplasts, loosely arranged, with many air spaces between them that facilitate gas exchange

Question 42

Veins (Vascular Bundles)

Answer 42

Extend through the mesophyll, branching is extensive, mesophyll cells are no more than 2 to 3 cells away from the vein, supply photosynthetic tissue with water and minerals from roots and remove dissolved sugar to all parts of the plant

Question 43

Monocot Leaf

Answer 43

Narrow blade, base of leaf wraps around the stem, parallel venation, some have guard cells shaped like dumbbells

Question 44

Conifers (Evergreens)

Answer 44

Have needle shaped leaves with a thick cuticle and sunken stomata that permit gas exchange and minimize water loss

Question 45

Transpiration

Answer 45

Increased by warm temperature, light, wind, and dry air, and decreased by humid air, it is an important part of the hydrologic cycle

Question 46

Guttation

Answer 46

When liquid water is forced out, looks like dew drops, occurs in low-growing plants at night when stomata are closed