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Biology 2 > Plant Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 33-38 > Flashcards

Plant Anatomy and Physiology Chapters 33-38 Flashcards

1
Q

Annuals

A

herbaceous plants that grow, reproduce and die in one year

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2
Q

Biennials

A

herbaceous plants that take two years to complete their life cycles before dying.

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3
Q

Perennials

A

herbaceous plants live for more than two years

Underground parts my become dormant

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4
Q

Woody Perennials

A

Many are deciduous but others can be evergreen

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5
Q

Vascular Plants

A

Organized into a root and shoot system which has stem, leaves, and in flowering plants, fruit and nuts

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6
Q

Plant Cells

A

Organized into tissues.

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7
Q

Simple Tissues

A

One kind of cell

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8
Q

Complex Tissues

A

Two or more kinds of cells

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9
Q

Ground Tissue System

A

Variety of functions, including photosynthesis, storage, and support. Composed of three tissues
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma.

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10
Q

Vascular Tissue System

A

Conducts substances such as water, dissolved minerals, and food (dissolved sugar) throughout the plant body

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11
Q

Dermal Tissue System

A

Outer covering of a plant, provides a covering for the plant body (epidermis) woody plants have periderm

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12
Q

Cell Walls

A

Primary Cell Wall- secreted by plant, expands as cell grows.

Secondary Cell Wall- Inside the primary cell wall, between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane.

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13
Q

Parenchyma

A

Simple tissue, found throughout plant body, cells are alive and metabolically active, cells can differentiate into other kinds of cells

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14
Q

Collenchyma

A

Very flexible, simple plant tissue, provides support in soft and nonwoody plant organs, cells are alive at maturity, primary cell walls are especially thick in the corners

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15
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

Simple plant tissue, specialized for structural support, have primary walls and thick secondary walls, thin areas in secondary walls allow for exchange of substances between adjacent living cells, mature functioning cells are dead

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16
Q

Sclereids

A

Sclerenchyma cells of variable shape common in shells of nuts and in stones of fruits

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17
Q

Fibers

A

Long, tapered cells, that occur in clumps in wood, inner bark, and leaf ribs (veins) of flowering plants

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18
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by B-14 bonds

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19
Q

Cellulose microfibril

A

Formed by 40 to 70 chains that lie parallel to one another and connect by hydrogen bonding

20
Q

Hemicellulose

A

Polysaccharides that vary in composition, some are composed of xyloglucan (B-1, 4- glucose with side chains of xylose)

21
Q

Pectin

A

Polysaccharide of a-galacturonic acid monomers

22
Q

Lignin

A

Strengthening polymer made up of monomers derived from certain amino acids

23
Q

Vascular Tissue System

A

Embedded into the ground tissue, transports needed materials throughout the pant via two complex tissues, xylem and phloem.

24
Q

Xylem

A

Conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to stems and leaves, and provides structural support

25
Q

Tracheids and Vessel elements

A

conduct water and dissolved minerals, fibers provide support, xylem parenchyma perform storage functions

26
Q

Phloem

A

Conducts carbohydrates formed in photosynthesis throughout the plant, and provides structural support

27
Q

Sieve tube elements and Companion cells

A

Work together to transport carbohydrates, fibers provide additional support

28
Q

Primary Growth

A

An increase in stem and root length, produces the entire plant body in herbaceous plants and the young, soft shoots and roots in woody trees and shrubs, occurs in apical meristems

29
Q

Secondary Growth

A

Gymnosperms and woody eudicots have secondary growth, wood and bark make up the bulk of trees and shrub are produced by secondary growth

30
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

layer of meristematic cells between the wood and bark of a woody plant, adds more cells to the wood and inner bark

31
Q

Cork Cambium

A

Cylinder or irregular arrangement of meristematic cells in the outer bark, collectively cork cells, cork cambium, and cork parenchyma make up the periderm

32
Q

Bark

A

Outermost covering of woody stems and roots, consists of all plant tissues outside the vascular cambium. Two regions, inner bark (secondary phloem) and mostly dead outer bark (periderm)

33
Q

Development

A

In plants, all changes that take place during the entire life of an individual, cells specialize and organize into a complex organism

34
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

Certain cells become biochemically and structurally specialized to carry out specific functions, occurs through cell determination

35
Q

Cell Determination

A

A series of molecular events that cause a cell to progressively commit to a particular differentiation pathway

36
Q

Differential Gene Expression

A

Determine the structure and function of the cell, can turn on or turn off genes

37
Q

Leaf Terms

A

Petiole- attaches blade to the stem
Stipules- leaflike outgrowths at the base of the petiole
Sessile- leaves without a petiole
Axillary buds- form at the base of a leaf

38
Q

Cuticle

A

Secreted by epidermal cells, reduces water loss from exterior walls (made primarily by cutin)

39
Q

Trichomes

A

Some help reduce water loss, some secrete stinging irritants for deterring herbivores, some excrete excess salts

40
Q

Stomata

A

Created by guard cells which open and close the stomata, exchange gas between leaf cells and the environment

41
Q

Mesophyll Cells

A

Parenchyma cells packed with chloroplasts, loosely arranged, with many air spaces between them that facilitate gas exchange

42
Q

Veins (Vascular Bundles)

A

Extend through the mesophyll, branching is extensive, mesophyll cells are no more than 2 to 3 cells away from the vein, supply photosynthetic tissue with water and minerals from roots and remove dissolved sugar to all parts of the plant

43
Q

Monocot Leaf

A

Narrow blade, base of leaf wraps around the stem, parallel venation, some have guard cells shaped like dumbbells

44
Q

Conifers (Evergreens)

A

Have needle shaped leaves with a thick cuticle and sunken stomata that permit gas exchange and minimize water loss

45
Q

Transpiration

A

Increased by warm temperature, light, wind, and dry air, and decreased by humid air, it is an important part of the hydrologic cycle

46
Q

Guttation

A

When liquid water is forced out, looks like dew drops, occurs in low-growing plants at night when stomata are closed

Biology 2 (1 decks)

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