plant anatomy

Question 1

meristems

Answer 1

Clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei (highly mitotic)

Question 2

apical meristems

Answer 2

elongate the plant, give rise to three types of tissue, cause primary growth

Question 3

lateral meristems

Answer 3

increase thickness of plant, add new vascular tissue, cause secondary growth

Question 4

dermal tissue

Answer 4

for protection (skin and bark)

Question 5

ground tissue

Answer 5

for storage, photosynthesis, secretion

Question 6

vascular tissue

Answer 6

for conduction

Question 7

xylem

Answer 7

part of vascular tissue, transports water and dissolved minerals, dead cells at maturity

Question 8

phloem

Answer 8

part of vascular tissue, transports nutrients

Question 9

node

Answer 9

point of attachment of leaf to stem

Question 10

internode

Answer 10

area of stem between two nodes

Question 11

axillary buds

Answer 11

develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers

Question 12

apical buds

Answer 12

extends the shoot system during growing season

Question 13

parenchyma cells

Answer 13

part of ground tissue

responsible for storage, photosynthesis, and secretion

Question 14

collenchyma cells

Answer 14

uneven cell walls, provide flexible support for plant organs

Question 15

sclerenchyma cells

Answer 15

thick secondary cell walls, usually dead at maturity

Question 16

fibers

Answer 16

type of sclerenchyma cells

long and slender strands

Question 17

sclereids

Answer 17

type of sclerenchyma cells

variable shape, branched

Question 18

trichomes

Answer 18

produce oil
hairlike structures
increase solar reflectance
defend leaves against predation

Question 19

cells of xylem

Answer 19

tracheids: taper and overlap
vessels: continuous tubes of short/wide cylindrical cells

Question 20

cells of phloem

Answer 20

sieve tube members: living cells separated by sieve plates, lack most organelles
companion cells: metabolic support from sieve tube members, have ribosomes and mitochondria

Question 21

stem organization

Answer 21

epidermis on outside
ground tissue throughout
vascular tissue bundles (phloem –> outside, xylem –> central)

Question 22

vascular cambium (lateral meristem)

Answer 22

forms secondary xylem and phloem, xylem layer forms annual ring

Question 23

cork cambium (lateral meristem)

Answer 23

produces periderm of bark and other tissue to protect stem/trunk, produces lenticels to allow in oxygen

Question 24

tendrils

Answer 24

slender, twining strands that enable plant to seek support by climbing other surfaces

Question 25

thorns

Answer 25

modified branches appearing as sharp outgrowths that protect plant

Question 26

rhizome

Answer 26

stem that grows horizontally underground

Question 27

corm

Answer 27

stem that grows horizontally underground, rounded and fleshy

Question 28

runner and stolon

Answer 28

stem runs parallel to the ground/just below the surface and give rise to new plants

Question 29

tuber

Answer 29

stem that stores starch

Question 30

bulb

Answer 30

functions as underground storage unit

Question 31

tap root

Answer 31

main root that grows down vertically and has many smaller lateral roots

Question 32

fibrous root system

Answer 32

located closer to soil surface and forms dense network of roots

Question 33

lamina

Answer 33

flattened blade of leaf

Question 34

petiole

Answer 34

stalk of leaf

Question 35

venation

Answer 35

pattern of veins in a leaf

Question 36

phyllotaxy

Answer 36

arrangement of leaves on a stem

Question 37

simple leaf

Answer 37

blade is either completely undivided or lobed

Question 38

compound leaf

Answer 38

blade is completely divided, forming leaflets

Question 39

palmately (compound leaf)

Answer 39

leaflets radiating outwards from one point

Question 40

pinnately (compound leaf)

Answer 40

feather like, leaflets arranged along midrib

Question 41

mesophyll

Answer 41

parenchyma cells between upper and lower epidermis

Question 42

palisade mesophyll

Answer 42

two rows of tightly packed cells

Question 43

spongey mesophyll

Answer 43

loosely arranged cells with air spaces

Question 44

type of leaf arrangement

Answer 44

alternate, opposite, whorled

Question 45

monocot seed

Answer 45

one cotyledon

Question 46

eudicot seed

Answer 46

two cotyledon

Question 47

monocot flowers

Answer 47

parts in 3's

Question 48

eudicot flowers

Answer 48

parts in 4's or 5's

Question 49

monocot leaves

Answer 49

parallel veins

Question 50

eudicot leaves

Answer 50

reticulated veins

Question 51

monocot shoots

Answer 51

dispersed paired bundles of xylem and phloem

Question 52

eudicot shoots

Answer 52

paired bundles of xylem and phloem on perimeter

Question 53

monocot roots

Answer 53

paired bundles of xylem and phloem on perimeter + casparian strip

Question 54

eudicot roots

Answer 54

central "star" of xylem with alternating phloem + casparian strip