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Botany and ecology > plant anatomy > Flashcards

plant anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary and secondary cell wall made up of

A

primary= cellulose
secondary= lignin

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2
Q

what is the middle lamella

A

the cementing layer of pectin and calcium between adjoining cells

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3
Q

what is the role of the tonoplast

A

binds the vacuole by a vacuole membrane called the tonoplast

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4
Q

what is a meristem

A

specialist zones of mitosis which produces undifferentiated cells leading to growth and development of plants when the new cells differentiate and form specific tissues

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5
Q

what are the different types of meristem

A

1) apical aka primary
2) intercalary
3) cambium

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6
Q

what does the apical meristem do

A

dividing cells result in increased length of root and shoot tips

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7
Q

what does the cambium meristem do

A

actively dividing cells produce lateral growth therefore increasing girth of the plant

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8
Q

what is the intercalary meristem

A

located at the base of internodes and base of leaves and also, like the cambium, increase girth however are located on mature tissues

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9
Q

what is meant when a group of cells are composed of initials and derivatives

A

cells which remain in the meristem are termed initials and continue to divide as a meristematic cells
cells which are displaced from the meristem, and become a differentiated body cell are called derivatives

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10
Q

what does the apical/primary meristem form

A

forms primary tissues

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11
Q

what does the protoderm form

A

the epidermis

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12
Q

what does the ground meristem form

A

ground tissues

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13
Q

what does the procambium form

A

the primary xylem and phloem

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14
Q

what is the ground tissue called in the leaf, stem and root

A

leaf = mesophyll
stem- cortex and pith
root = cortex

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15
Q

what are the different types of ground tissues

A

1) parenchyma
2) collenchyma
3) sclerenchyma

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16
Q

outline what the parenchyma is

A
  • a type of ground tissue found in the cortex, pith and vasuclar rays which is involved in photosynthesis, storage and secretion
  • alive at maturity
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17
Q

outline what the collenchyma is

A
  • living at maturity with unevenly thickened primary cell walls with great plasticity ideal for strengthening growing tissues and organs
  • it is found below the epidermis and in bands next to the vascular bundles
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18
Q

outline what the sclerenchyma is

A

a type of gorund tissue which is elastic and provides strength to mature organs that have stopped grwoing

  • the primary cell wall is usually lignified and thick
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19
Q

what are the two types of sclerenchyma tissues and what are the differences

A

fibres
- long and elastoc allowing bending and rentention of normal shape
sclereids
- short and isodiamertic providing hard protective coats

20
Q

what is a xylem

A

a type of vascular tissue which is dead at maturity and responsible for water and mineral transport as well as mechanical support

21
Q

what is a phloem

A

cells with living protoplasts at maturity and are responsible for the transportation of photosynthesis products and other organic compounds

22
Q

what does the procambium (primary meristem) give rise to

A

primary xyelm and phloem

23
Q

outline the structure of xylem vessels

A

1) in angisperms it is made up of tracheids and vessel elements which are elongated empty cells with lignified secondary cell walls
- vessels have porforations called perforation plates

24
Q

what are pits in xylem

A

thin areas where the secondary lignified wall is missing allowing water to pass through into trachieds

25
Q

what is the different types of sieve elements in angio and gymnosperms

A

the conducting cells are sieve elements composed of either sieve cells in gymnosperms or sieve tube members in angiosperms

26
Q

what do sieve areas have

A

pores which allow protoplasmic connection between adjacent sieve elements

27
Q

what are companion cells

A

associates with sieve tube members, they are modified paraenchyma cells which regulate translocation of materials

28
Q

what is the epidermis

A

the outermost layer of the primary plant body which varies in structure and function

29
Q

what are trichomes

A

appendages of the epidermis which have many functions such as protection, reflection secretion and absorption

30
Q

what is the function of roots

A

organs specialsed for anchorage, absorption, storage and conduction

31
Q

how does the structure of roots differ in gymnosperms and angiosperms

A

gym and dicots usually in a taproot system
angio= fibrous

32
Q

what does the mucigel sheath and root cap do

A

protects the developing root

33
Q

what does the primary structure of a root consist of

A

epidermis, cortex and central stele

34
Q

what is a central stele

A

made up of vascular tissue and surrounded by a pericyle it is the central part of the root containing the tissues derived from the procambium

35
Q

outline the secondary structure of roots

A

meristematic activity in of the cambium between the xylem and phloem gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem

36
Q

what are adventitous roots

A

roots formed later from other places during gorwth and development

37
Q

outline the structure of stems

A
  • stem is an axis with nodes and internodes
    -leaves produced at the nodes
  • buds are miantue shoots with dormant apical meristem
38
Q

outline the structure of a leaf

A

consist of a petiole (stalk) and lamina (blade)
sometimes modified with spines or bladders ect
made up of primary tisses
vasucular tissue in the midrib and viens

39
Q

what ground tissue is the mesophyll made up of

A

parenchyma tissue

40
Q

what is an abscission zone

A

comprises of an abscission layere where leaf breaks of as well as a protective layer which preserves the stem

41
Q

what cells make up the secondary xylem and phloem

A

1) fusiform initials =
2) ray initials

42
Q

what is the difference between fusiform and ray initials

A

1) fusifrom = undergo periclinal (parallel division) which give rise to secondayr xyelm and phloem
2) ray = periclinal divisons generate parenchyma cells

43
Q

where does the cork cambium arise

A

the cortex bewlow the epidermis and produces the periderm as cork cells

44
Q

what is the phelloderm

A

a thin walled inner layer of cells produced by the cork cambium

45
Q

what does the periderm do

A

the corky outerlayer of a plant stem formed in the seocndary thickening which crushes and replaces hte perimary epidermis and cortex increasing diameter

Botany and ecology (12 decks)

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