Plant Anatomy Flashcards
Leaf role
produce food for the plant by photosynthesis
Leaf parts
Covering, apex, vein, margin, stomata, base, axil
Covering
Hair, scales, film that may protect leaf
Apex
Tip of leaf
Vein
Provide support and transport water, food, and minerals (via xylem and phloem)
Margin
Outside edge of leaf
Stomata
Regulates flow of gases and water vapor into/out of leaves
Base
Part of blade that attaches to petiole or directly to stem
Axil
Angle formed by petiole and stem
Stem role
support the leaves; to conduct water and minerals to the leaves, where they can be converted into usable products by photosynthesis; and to transport these products from the leaves to other parts of the plant, including the roots
Stem parts
Leaf scar, bud scales. bud scale scars, axillary buds, terminal buds
Leaf scar
mark left by a leaf after a twig falls off
Bud scales
protect bud from external damage
Bud scale scar
scars remaining after bud scales fall off
Axillary buds
found in leaf axils
Terminal buds
found at tips of stems
Root role
anchorage of the plant; absorption of water and dissolved minerals and conduction of these to the stem; and storage of reserve foods.
Root parts
Zone of maturation and absorption, zone of elongation, root cap, meristem, root hairs
Zone of maturation and absorption
portion of root that forms root hairs
Zone of elongation
Contains cells that lengthen root
Root cap
Prevents damage to root as it pushes through soil
Meristem
Area that produces new cells that are scraped off as root grows
Root hairs
short-lived, fragile, tiny structures through which water and nutrients enter plant
Flower role
enable sexual reproduction
Flower parts
Pistil; stigma, style ovary ovule, Stamen; filament, anther, Petal, Receptacle, Calyx
Pistil
Female reproductive parts
Stigma
Where germination occurs
Style
Holds up stigma
Ovary
contains ovules
Ovule
Become seeds of flowering plants
Stamen
Male reproductive parts
Anther
Where pollen is produced
Filament
Holds up anther
Petal
Attracts insects, shields pistil and stamen from weather
Receptacle
Enlarged base upon which flowers rest
Calyx
Collective sepals of a flower
Primary growth
Increases height
Secondary growth
Increases width
One leaf per node on alternate sides
Alternate
Two leaves per node on opposite sides
Opposite
Leaves circle around node
Whorled
Perfect flower
Has both male and female parts
Imperfect flower
Has either male or female parts
Monoecious
Having male and female organs on the same plant
Monoecious examples
Squash, walnut, fig
Dioecious
Having male and female flowers on separate plants
Dioecious examples
ginkgos, willows, cannabis
Inflorescence
the complete flower head of a plant including stems, stalks, bracts, and flowers; the arrangement of the flowers on a plant; the process of flowering.
Drupe
Inner layer of the fruit is hard & stony & usually attached to the seed.
Drupe examples
Peaches, nectarines, & other stone fruits
Berry
Fruit with inner pulp that contains few to several seeds, but not pits.
Berry examples
pomegranates, tomatoes, grapes, citrus fruit, bananas, pumpkins, and watermelon
Pome
A fleshy fruit consisting of an outer thickened fleshy layer and a central core with seeds enclosed in a capsule.
Pome examples
Apples, pears, quince
Aggregate
Develops from the merging of several ovaries that were separated in a single flower.
Aggregate examples
Strawberries, blackberries, raspberries
Dehiscent
Fruit developed from a single carpel (a carpel is ONE stigma, style, & ovary “unit”): may split from only one side to release seeds.
Indehiscent
Fruit (seed) that is dry at maturity & does not split open when ripe.
Gravity
some plants drop their seeds in place
Wind
Some plants use wind to spread their seeds.
Water
Some seeds travel afar on water
Ballistic
Some seeds heads burst open & throw the seeds like projectiles
Animals
ome seeds are consumed (in fruit) & then deposited elsewhere (in poop). Some are carried & buried. Some hitchhike on fur! The dispersal of seeds by animals is called zoochory.
Taproots
Primary root does not branch substantially and remains primary site of anchorage and absorption
Fibrous
made up of many threadlike members of more or less equal length
Adventitious
Grow from any tissue other than root tissue
