Planning Principles and History Flashcards
Nation’s first historic commission - when and where?
1924 New Orleans
New Urbanism
Pedestrian scale facades, variety of housing types, multi modal transportation gridded street pattern
NY Tenement House Law
1901 reform law aimed at improving living conditions in NY tenement buildings. Improved light and air quality, external windows, courtyards, ventilation, indoor toilets, fire safety.
McMillan Plan
1902 plan to redesign national mall and determined locations of the Lincoln memorial and other buildings. Daniel Burnham. First expression of city beautiful movement.
Early City Planning Commission
1902 Cleveland. “Board of City Planning for Ohio Cities” - Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, Arnold Brunner. Not technically a planning commission but acted like one with power to give advice about city planning improvements.
Construction of Letchworth
1903 - Letchworth, England. First “garden city” based on the principles of Ebenezer Howard. Focused on creating self contained communities with residences, industry, and agriculture, surrounded by undeveloped green areas.
Public Lands Commission
1903 appointed by Theodore Roosevelt and I study public land policy and laws for open range and federal lands. Fronted by Gifford Pinchot. Made recommendations for use of public lands for grazing and timber purposes, many of which were controversial with livestock, lumber, and mining interests.
Antiquities Act
1906 Theodore Roosevelt signed the Antiquities Act into law to preserve archaeological sites on public lands. Authorized the president to protect landmarks and objects of historic significance by designating them as national monuments. Devils Tower in Wyoming was the first monument protected under the act.
NY Congestion Committee
1907 Florence Kelley and Mary Simkhovitch founded to look for solutions for overcrowding in poor parts of the city.
First Official City Planning Commission
Hartford, CT 1907 - makes recommendations about the planning and zoning of a city or town to the local council.
NY Congestion Exhibit
1908 - Museum of Natural History. Florence Kelley, Lillian Wald, Mary Simkhovitch, and Gaylord White believed that congestion was the primary cause of problems with housing, child labor, and poverty. Exhibit toured the country pushing city administrators to launch commissions to look into congestion.
Ford Launches Model T
1908 - affordability opened up car ownership to a much wider range of Americans and spurred the country’s car culture. Planners had to find a way to fit more cars on roads and in communities.
Forest Hills Gardens
1909 - First planned “garden suburb” in the US. Mixed income housing surrounded by green spaces. Frederick Law Olmstead Jr planner, Grosvenor Atterbury architect. Became a victim of popularity, highest priced enclaves in Queens NY.
First Course in City Planning
1909 Harvard College
First National Planning Conference
1909 Benjamin Marsh, Washington DC led directly to the creation of the American City Planning Institute in 1917
Plan of Chicago
1909 Daniel Burnham - first comprehensive metropolitan plan in the US. Three years of research into how city growth and infrastructure impacted its residents. Plan concentrated on physical improvements: new parks, lakefront upgrades, civic and cultural centers, and transportation development.
Manual of the Plan of Chicago
1911 Walter Moody distributed to schools in Chicago. Focused on the development of the 1909 plan of Chicago, the city’s history, and its transportation problems. Six editions published through 1924. First initiative to educate children about planning.
Early Vision of Zoning
1913 - NY, MN, WI, IL separately allowed some cities to create residential districts where no manufacturing or commercial establishments could operate.
Carrying Out the City Plan
1914 Flavel Shurtleff - first text on the legal framework for city planning
First Municipally Employed Planner
1914 - Harland Bartholomew, Newark, NJ
Cities in Evolution
1915 Sir Patrick Geddes. Pushed for “constructive and conservative” changes to improve a community, rather than sweeping, monolithic plans, which he believes were much less destructive to neighborhood life and would do a better job at preventing congestion.
Comprehensive Zoning Resolution
The 1916 Zoning Resolution by George McAneny and Edward Bassett as a response to concerns about overdevelopment in NYC. Divided city into zones based on primary activity in the area and created building height and setback guidelines for each zone. First city wide zoning code in US.
National Park Service
August 15, 1916 - Woodrow Wilson signed bill creating National Park Service within US Department of the Interior. Original 35 national parks and monuments to more than 400 parks today.
American City Planning Institute
1917 - Frederick Law Olmstead Jr as first president. Later became the American Institute of Planners.
Majority of Americans Live in Urban Areas
January 1, 1920 - more than half of the population was living in urban areas
Proposal of Appalachian Trail
October 1921- Benton McKaye published article in The Journal of the American Institute of Architects
Country Club Plaza
1922 - JC Nichols established Country Club Plaza in Kansas City, MO. First car oriented shopping center. Included gas stations and free parking. Also one of the first shopping centers to be located outside a downtown business district.
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
Feb 10, 1922 - model law developed to help states create zoning restrictions in their jurisdictions. Still provides institutional structure for planning and zoning in many states.
Standard City Planning Enabling Act
1927 - help states understand the organization and powers of city and regional planning commissions, the making of city and regional plans, and controlling the layout of new subdivisions.
Herlihy Plans Boston
1923 Elisabeth May Herlihy guided Boston in adopting its first comprehensive zoning ordinance, making her one of the first women to be seen as an expert in planning.
Formation of RPAA
1923 Regional Planning Association of America. Worked together on creative planning projects such as the prototype communities of Sunnyside Homes, Queens, and Radburn, NJ.
First Comprehensive Plan
1925 - Cincinnati was first American city to have a Comprehensive Plan approved by City Council. Includes factors like schools and play yards, garbage and refuse disposal, ways to finance improvements, and other municipal issues.
First State Level Land Use Plan
1925 - NY State Housing and Regional Planning Commission.
Construction of Radburn NJ Begins
1928 - adapted the British garden city concept to American legal and social standards. Innovations included the separation of automobile traffic, the use of the superblock to cluster different types of housing around parkland, and creation of a community organization to handle some municipal functions.
