Planning History, Theory, & Law Flashcards
Which case first established public welfare?
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.
What year was the Standard Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA) issued?
1926
What is the key concept of the NYC Zoning Resolution?
uses allowed in zoning districts were “cumulative”
What is Dillion’s Rule?
local governments are devoid of authority absent an express delegation of power from the state
Which case held aesthetics as a valid reason to support public welfare redevelopment projects?
Berman v. Parker
What is the arbitrary and unreasonable classification and zoning of a small parcel of land called?
spot zone
What technique cannot reduce the number of nonconforming uses?
prohibit the occupancy of nonconforming structures
What Amendment prohibits government’s taking of private property without just compensation?
Fifth Amendment
What is the key concept from the First Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles?
government may have to pay for temporary regulatory takings
What is the commonly standard payment for condemned property?
its highest and best use standard to which a property can be adapted
What is the key concept from Fred French Investing v. NYC? Note: introduction of this concept
transfer of development rights
The book “Should Trees Have Standing” (1972) by Christopher Stone raised what legal issue?
authority to file suit
A floating zone use can also be considered what?
spot zoning
A case that contains the language, “no evidence to show unique and distinct from that of other owners…” refers to what?
variance
What is the Holmes-Brandeis Clear and Present Danger doctrine (1919) and what did it restrict?
it restricts freedom of expression only if words create an immediate danger or evil
APA Code of Ethics two sections. What are they in order?
- Aspirations (goals to strive toward)
- Code of Conduct (enforceable)
What was the city and year that the first comprehensive plan was made?
Cincinnati, OH; 1925
What was the city and year that the first historic preservation ordinance was created?
Charleston, SC; 1925
What was the city and year that the first historic preservation plan was created?
New Orleans, LA; 1925
What does NEPA stand for and what does it do?
National Environmental Policy Act; was signed into law on January 1, 1970. NEPA requires federal agencies to assess the environmental effects of their proposed actions prior to making decisions
When was NEPA passed?
Nixon’s first term
What law did NEPA in 1969 pass?
required both the private and public sectors to conform to certain environmental standards
What does CEQ stand for and what do they do?
Council for Environmental Equality; council within the Executive Office of the President coordinates the federal government’s efforts to improve, preserve, and protect America’s public health and environment
CEQ fulfills the goals and objectives of what act or agency?
NEPA
What does PRP stand for?
potentially responsible parties
What takings case was concerned with the denial of an application to build on a barrier island?
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
What geographic unit is used in transportation modeling for metropolitan areas?
traffic analyses zones
The World’s Columbian Exposition showcased which of Daniel Burnham’s concepts?
White City
Which state has the largest number of endangered species?
Hawaii
Since 1960, homeownership rate has remained in what percentile range?
61-65%
What type of strategic plan used to align resources (people and activities) to implement strategic policy?
Hoshin Planning
When was the Erie Canal established?
1825
Who does Aristotle say was the first person to come up with the city grid system?
Hippodamus
Who did George Washington hire and later fire to design the federal city? Hint: once let go, they took their designs with them.
Pierre L’Enfant
Which two people were part of the team to design the federal city and helped recover (from memory) the designs that were taken by the other person fired from the team?
Benjamin Banneker and Andrew Ellicott
What is the core concept of the Central Place Theory?
the greater degree of specialization occurs in the larger, but few settlements with many smaller settlements in between and closer together
What person came up with the Central Place Theory and in what year?
Walter Christaller; 1933
What was the largest U.S. public works program that also extended the roadway system by 41,000 miles?
Federal Highway Act of 1956
In the late 1990s, what percentage of the private workforce was employed by small businesses?
50%
Who was the first director of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?
David E. Lilienthal
Which mid-20th century act focused on slum clearance?
1949 Housing Act
What percentage of the U.S. population was considered urban in the year 2000?
80%
What established a system of rectangular survey coordinates for virtually all the country west of the Appalachians?
The Ordinance of 1785
What was the first major U.S. law to address water pollution?
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948
What act established an interstate highway system in the U.S.?
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
What was the U.S. federal law that posed a major change to transportation planning and policy, as the first U.S. federal legislation on the subject in the post-Interstate Highway System era?
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991
What Act of Congress encouraged coastal states to develop and implement coastal zone management plans?
The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 was amended when and what name did it become commonly known as?
1972; Clean Water Act (CWA)
