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Tony AICP Notes > Planning History > Flashcards

Planning History Flashcards

1
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A
  • Adopted by Congress of the Confederate
  • Standardized system to sell farmland in the undeveloped west
  • Established the basis for the Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
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2
Q

The Homestead Act, 1862

A
  • Period: 1862-1976 (1986 Alaska)
  • Signed by Abe Lincoln after Southern succession
  • Distributed 10% of US land mass (160-270 million acres) of public land to citizens
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3
Q

The Morrill Act, 1862

A
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4
Q

General Land Law Revision Act, 1891

A
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5
Q

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA), 1922

A
  • Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce 1921-1928
  • helped states create zoning restrictions
  • defined zoning commissions and called for zoning regulations in plans
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6
Q

Standard City Planning Enabling Act (SCPEA), 1927

A
  • helped states understand city and regional planning commissions, the making of city and regional plans, and controlling layout of new subdivisions
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7
Q

City Beautiful movement

A
  • Period: 1846 - 1912
  • Daniel Burnham
  • emphasized grandeur and beautification in planning
  • World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893 “The White City”
  • First plan adopted by San Francisco, 1906
  • The Chicago Plan, 1909
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8
Q

Garden Cities movement

A
  • Period: 1898 - Early 1900s
  • Ebenezer Howard’s
    1. Letchworth
    2. Welwyn Garden City
    3. Wythenshawe
  • Satellite self-contained communities around central city separated with undeveloped greenbelts
  • Capture benefits of both countryside and city while avoiding disadvantages of both
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9
Q

City Functional movement, “City Efficient”, “City Scientific”

A
  • Period: Early 1900s
  • response to City Beautiful
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10
Q

NYC Zoning Code, 1916

A
  • Edward M. Bassett: “the father of zoning” and George McAneny
  • addressed issues with buildings blocking light and unwanted use (to protect property values)
  • divided NY into commercial, residential, unrestricted districts
  • mandated set-back design (ziggurat) and building heights
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11
Q

Euclid v. Ambler, 1926

A
  • ruled that local ordinance zoning was legal from the national level and was a valid exercise of police power
  • Alfred Bettman, one of key founders of modern planning, provided arguments for zoning
  • inspired communities all over the country to introduce zoning codes
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12
Q

Regional Plan of NY, 1929

A
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13
Q

RPAA

A
  • Regional Planning Association of America
  • led by Clarence Stein
  • developed prototypes Sunnyside, Queens and Radburn, NJ
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14
Q

Perry’s Neighborhood Unit

A
  • 1929
  • Clarence Perry
  • neighborhood within a city
  • walkable residential district centered around a school
  • business district on the edge
  • limited external traffic through neighborhood
  • became basis for suburban development
  • encouraged segregation
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15
Q

Suburban Expansion

A
  1. Suburban housing
    - FDR, 1933, Home Owners Loan Corp.
    - National Housing Act, 1934, FHA
  2. Automobile policy
  3. Regional infrastructure
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16
Q

RPA

A
  • Regional Planning Agency
  • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
  • first large regional planning agency of the U.S. federal government, and remains the largest
  • response to distrust of private utility companies
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17
Q

NY State Tenement House Act, 1901

A
  • improved living conditions in NY tenement buildings
  • set requirements for new buildings to improve light and air quality, sanitation, and safety
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18
Q

McMillan Plan

A
  • wrote by Senate Park Commission
  • update the L’Enfant Plan for Wash., D.C.
  • basis of most of D.C.’s planning
  • considered first real expression of City Beautiful in US
  • redesigned national mall and set locations for Lincoln Memorial, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, Union Station, and US Dept. of Ag. Building
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19
Q

Antiquities Act

A
  • signed by President Theodore Roosevelt
  • preserved archeological sites on public lands
  • authorized presidents to designate landmarks as national monuments
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20
Q

First National Conference on City Planning, 1909

A
  • organized by Benjamin Marsh
  • led to the creation of the American City Planning Institute in 1917
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21
Q

American City Planning Institute

A
  • First president: Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.
  • later became American Institute of Planneres (AIP) in 1939
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22
Q

First Comprehensive Plan

A
  • Cincinnati, OH
  • Alfred Bettman
23
Q

Central Place Theory

A
  • 1933
  • Walter Christaller
  • modeled patterns in spatial arrangement, size, and numbers of communities in a region
  • examined economic relationships and market areas of communities
  • overly rigid and flawed assumptions
24
Q

American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO)

A
  • formed 1934
  • Walter Blucher, Exec. Director
  • membership consisted of public officials involved in planning
25
Q

American Planning Association (APA)

A
  • 1978
  • merger between AIP and ASPO
26
Q

Housing Act of 1934

A
  • signed by FDR
  • created Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
  • revived housing market from the Great Depression
  • standardized the 30-year low-interest mortgage
  • homeownership rate jumped to 70% of households
  • encouraged suburbanization
27
Q

Home Owners’ Loan Corporation

A
  • redlining
  • graded risk levels of neighborhoods
  • refused mortgages to areas predominantly Black
28
Q

Wagner-Steagall Act, 1937

A
  • FDR
  • improved housing for the poor
  • created US Housing Authority
  • built low-rent housing developments
29
Q

Levittowns

A
  • NY, 1947-1951
  • Philly, 1952-1958
  • mass-produced housing for vets post-WWII
  • included clause that excluded Black residents
30
Q

AIP Code of Professional Conduct for Planners

A
  • 1948
  • now AICP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
31
Q

Housing Act of 1949

A
  • Harry Truman’s Fair Deal
  • funded improvements of housing for the poor in urban areas
  • intended to counter effects of suburbanization
  • included slum clearance, urban renewal, building public housing, and expanded FHA
  • eliminated more housing than it created
  • demolished cheaper housing in minority neighborhoods for more expensive housing (urban renewal)
  • improved living conditions and neighborhood infrastructure
32
Q

Housing Act of 1954

A
  • managed by FHA
  • funded slum clearance and urban renewal
33
Q

Federal Aid Highway Act, 1956

A
  • Dwight Eisenhower
  • increased driving and growth of suburbs
34
Q

Housing Act of 1961

A
  • JFK
  • funded extensive housing programs
  • open space, mass transportation, urban renewal, farm housing
35
Q

Baker v. Carr

A

Supreme Court ruled that federal courts can review how seats are distributed in a state legislature

36
Q

National Historic Preservation Act

A
  • 1966
  • protects historic sites from development
  • response to impacts of urban renewal and highway projects
  • established National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program
37
Q

Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

A
  • created in 1965
  • mission is to make sure there is equal access to housing
  • funds new housing, public housing, and housing rehab projects
38
Q

Fair Housing Act

A
  • 1968
  • Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act
  • prohibited discrimination on basis of race, color, religion, or national origin; gender, disability, and familial status added later
39
Q

Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP)

A
  • 1969
  • consortium of university planning depts and programs
40
Q

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

A
  • 1970
  • mandated federal agencies to consider environmental impacts
  • Opened door to Clean Air Act of 1970, Clean Water Act of 1972, Endangered Species Act of 1973, and Superfund Act of 1980
41
Q

Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission

A
  • Dayton, OH
  • in 1970, adopted first fair-share regional allocation plan for low- and mod-income housing
  • established housing goals for local govt’s
42
Q

Oakwood at Madison, Inc. v. Township of Madison

A
  • NJ judge ruled that Madison Township’s zoning ordinance was illegal for preventing 90% residents in region from getting housing
  • First time zoning ordinance was invalidated for being exclusionary
43
Q

Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG)

A
  • created in 1974 by the Housing and Community Dev. Act
  • Block of flexible community dev. fund is distributed
  • Act created Section 8
44
Q

Cleveland Plan

A
  • 1975
  • groundbreaking comp. plan that focused on social issues
45
Q

Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Mt Laurel Township

A
  • 1975
  • NJ Supreme Court ruled that township must have aff. housing plan
  • first case to ban exlusionary zoning that prevent dev. of aff. housing
46
Q

Hawaii State Planning Act

A
  • 1978
  • first state with statewide zoning
47
Q

Penn Central Transportation v. NYC

A
  • 1978
  • Supreme Court ruled that restrictions on dev. due to historic landmark do not constitute takings
  • PCT wanted to build office on top of Grand Central Term.
48
Q

American Planning Association (APA)

A
  • formed 1978
  • AIP and ACPO merged
49
Q

New Urbanism

A
  • Movement focused on walkable neighborhoods, sustainability, traditional neighborhood design, and transit-oriented development
  • Seaside, FL: first New Urbanist Town built in 1981
50
Q

Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC)

A
  • Created in 1986 under Tax Reform Act
  • gives tax incentives to developers for affordable housing
  • responsible for 90% of all aff. housing built in US
51
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

A
  • 1990
  • protects Americans from discrimination based on physical or mental disabilities
52
Q

HOPE VI

A
  • 1991 by HUD
  • offers grants to revamp public housing into mixed-income housing
  • followed tenets of New Urbanism
  • criticized for encouraging gentrification
53
Q
A

Tony AICP Notes (5 decks)

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