Planning History Flashcards
1
Q
Who was Saul Alinsky and why was he notable?
A
- Wrote Rules for Radicals
- Active in 1960s
- Community Organizer in Chicago
- Used disruption as an advocay tactic
2
Q
What was the L’Enfant plan, when/where was it created, and what was its long-term influence?
A
- Created in 1790
- George Washington invited Pierre L’Enfant (an architect) to create the plan
- Centerpiece focused on a “public walk”, now the National Mall
- Was a plan for a metropolis in an rural area
- Plan wasn’t readily adopted but was updated in 1901 by the McMillan Commission to redevelop the National Mall
3
Q
Why is Andrew Ellicott relevant to planning?
A
- Led the survey of Washington in 1780s-90s
- Revised and was credited for the first plan for the federal district, taking over from Pierre L’Enfant
4
Q
Why was Benjamin Banneker relevant to planning?
A
Allegedly assisted Andrew Ellicot with a survey of area that would become Washington DC
5
Q
Who was Ian McHarg, what book did he write and how did his ideas influence planning?
A
- Scottish landscape architect
- Published Design with Nature in 1969
- Used suitability analysis technique to overlay different aspects of the natural landscape to identify appropriate land uses for specific areas
- Pioneered ecological planning, considering natural features in city plans
- Original codesigner of the Woodlands (TX)
6
Q
What was the L’Enfant Plan, when was it created, and what was its impact?
A
- Created in 1790
- George Washington invited Pierre L’Enfant (an architect) to create the plan, then dismissed him in 1792
- Centerpiece focused on a “public walk”, now the National Mall
- Was a plan for a metropolis in an rural area
- Plan wasn’t readily adopted but was updated in 1901 by the McMillan Commission to redevelop the National Mall
7
Q
Who was Saul Alinsky and what was he known for?
A
- Wrote Rules for Radicals
- Active in 1960s
- Community Organizer in Chicago
- Used disruption as an advocacy tactic
8
Q
New Urbanism
A
- Arose in 1980
- Reaction to urban sprawl and post WWII suburban development
- Planning and development approach that values walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping near each other, and accessible public spaces
- Seaside, Florida was the first New Urbanist town
9
Q
Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND)
A
- Form of development zoning that values compact, mixed use neighborhoods, associated with New Urbanism
- Could either be complete neighborhoods or infill developments
10
Q
Peter Calthorpe
A
- Founding member of Congress for New Urbanism
- Developed concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) in early 90s
11
Q
Form-based code
A
- Type of development regulation
- Emerged towards end of 20th century
- Alternative to Euclidean zoning
- Response to urban sprawl, pedestrian safety concerns, loss of historic neighborhoods
- First used in Seaside, Florida
12
Q
First zoning code
A
- 1916 in New York City
- Developed by Edward Bassett and George McAneny
- Regulated building shape rather than height
- Focused on ensuring light and air would reach sidewalks
13
Q
Neotraditional town model
A
- Associated with New Urbanism
- Create neighorhoods similar to pre-WWII era downtowns
- Associated with Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Peter Calthorpe
14
Q
City Beautiful
A
- Planning movement between 1890s and 1920s
- comprehensive planning arose from this movement
- called for design to promote civic pride and engagement but didn’t meaningfully address social issues beyond design improvements
- associated with Cleveland, Chicago, San Francisco, St. Paul, and Washington, DC (first plan carried out in 1902)
- associated with Daniel Burnham and the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago
- wanted to replicate European design traditions via loose adaptation of Classical architecture
15
Q
Daniel Burnham
A
- Architect associated with the City Beautiful Movment and the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago
- wanted to replicate European design traditions
16
Q
Radiant City
A
- created by Le Corbusier
- design movement from the 1920s that wanted to achieve a linear and ordered metropolis
- conceptualized like a living organism with organized parts that would work together as a whole
- consisted of vertical architecture and large shared open spaces (described as “Towers in the Park”, associated with Stuyvesant Town in NYC)
17
Q
Garden Cities
A
- 20th century planning movement first proposed by Ebenezer Howard
- promoted satellite communities surrounding a central city and separated by greenbelts
- cities would be self-cufficient but linked to other garden cities
- would provide the working classes with an alternative to life in crowded cities
- iconic cities include New Rochelle, NY, and Greenbelt planned towns of Greendale, WI, Greenbelt, MD, and Greenhills, OH
- people involved
18
Q
Clarence Perry
A
created Neighborhood Unit concept in 1920s
19
Q
Neighborhood Unit
A
- a ideal/model for planners to create neighborhoods within industrializing cities, included guidelines for spatial distribution of residences, community services, streets, and commercial activity
- continues to be used in adapted form by New Urbanism
20
Q
Clarence Stein
A
- architect and proponent of garden city movement in the US
- cofounded the Regional Planning Association of America in 1923 to address large-scale planning issues
- designed New Towns like Radburn, NJ, Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, and Chatham Village, Pittsburgh
21
Q
Frank Lloyd Wright
A
developed Broadacre City Planning Concept in 1932
22
Q
Broadacre City
A
- decentralized city with individual homes and small farmsteads on one-acre plots of land
- opposite of transit-oriently development, automobile centric
- more like a suburb than a city
23
Q
TVA
A
- perpetuated Jim Crow style racial discrimination against African Americans through employment practices and planning
- created all-white town of Norris, Tennessee
24
Q
Jacob Riis
A
- Muckracking journalist
- photographed impoverished people in NYC
- worked on tenement issues and life in slums
- Wrote “How the Other Half Lives”
25
Q
Kevin Lynch
A
wrote* The Image of the City*
26
Q
The Image of the City
A
- focuses on how people perceive and navigate cities
- determined that people form mental maps with five elements
- paths
- edges
- districts
- nodes
- landmarks
- Coined the words “imageability” and “wayfinding”
27
Q
Edge City
A
- concept was popularized by Joel Garreau in 1991
- argued that it had become a standard form of 20th century urban growth
28
Q
5 rules of an Edge City
A
- 5 million or more sq ft of leasable office space
- 600,000 sq ft or more of leasable retail space
- has more jobs than bedrooms
- perceived by the population as one place
- was nothing like a city as recently as 30 years ago
29
Q
Paul Davidoff
A
- planner who conceptualized “advocacy planning”
- planners intentionally represent interests of various groups in society
- primary litigant in Mount Laurel I decision
30
Q
William Whyte
A
- wrote The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, published in 1980
- examined how people used urban spaces
- looked at: demographics of plaza users, gender differences, user behavior, sittable space, the role of natural elements, food, relationship of the space to the main pedestrian traffic flow, capacity, triangulation
31
Q
Riverside, Illinois
A
- the first planned suburb in the US
- designed in 1869 by Calver Vaux and Frederick Law Olmstead
- lots of important early 20th century architecture
32
Q
Resettlement Administration
A
- New Deal US federal agency created in 1935
- relocated struggling families to communities planed by the federal government
- built greenbelt cities (Greendale, WI, Greenbelt, MD, and Greenhills, OH)
- Racially segregated
- featured residential superblocks
33
Q
Jane Jacobs
A
influential planner from the 1960s
wrote* The Death and Life of Great American Cities *(1961)
argued against urban renewal and slum clearance
fought against Robert Moses and his plans to redevelop her neighborhood of Greenwich Village
34
Q
Robert Moses
A
- urban planner and public official active in New York from early to mid 20th century
- known for top-down planning, urban renewal efforts, and transportation projects
- served as Parks Commissioner of NY*
35
Q
Lawrence Veiller
A
- American social reformer during late 1880s
- associated with tenement reform
- helped draft the New York State Tenement House Act in 1901
36
Q
SSZEA
A
- Standard State Zoning Enabling Act was a model law for US states, first printed in 1924, revised in 1926
37
Q
SSPEA
A
- Standard State Planning Enabling Act
- released in 1927, revised in 1928
- the organization and power of the planning commission, which was directed to prepare and adopt a “master plan”
- the content of the master plan for the physical development of the territory
- provision for adoption of a master street plan by the governing body
- provision for approval of all public improvements by the planning commission
- control of private subdivision of land
- provision for the establishment of a regional planning commission and a regional plan
38
Q
Andres Duany
A
- Founder of Congress for New Urbanism
- Architect
- Designed Seaside, Florida
39
Q
Sherry Arnstein
A
- wrote “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” in 1969
- outlines range of participation with 3 groupings - nonparticipation, tokenism, and citizen power
40
Q
Patrick Geddes
A
- Scottish urban planner
- advocated against ‘gridiron’ plans, advocated for ‘conservative surgery’ which made strategic improvements rather than massive changes to neighborhoods
- Encouraged planners to survey a specific situation and plan accordingly, rather than plan based on an abstract ideal
41
Q
Frederick Law Olmstead Sr.
A
- American Landscape architect, considered to be the father of landscape architecture in the US
- Co-designed urban parks with partner Calvert Vaux
- Project included NYC Central Park, the Emerald Necklace in Boston, and the main park ground for the 1893 Columbian Exposition
42
Q
Frederick Law Olmstead Jr.
A
- American Landscape architect and city planner
- known for work on National Parks
- Worked on the McMillian Commission Plan for Washington DC, the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, and on projects in Washington DC
43
Q
Edward Bassett
A
- “the father of American zoning”
- wrote the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the US for NYC in 1916
44
Q
1st National Planning Conference
A
- Held in 1909 in Washington DC
- Included prominent urbanists of the time
