Plan 211 terms

Question 1

A dual structure of care work

Answer 1

a. People who can afford care work pays
b. People who cannot afford care work end up working for those who can
i. They also work for free for family members
ii. The ratio of women doing this work is much greater than that of men

Question 2

A global sense of place

Answer 2

• Doreen Massey
  a. A Global Sense of Place discusses the connection between people and culture more than the physical space and borders separating them.
  b. Local effects the global and global effects the local
  c. Local is an active participant in globalization
  d. City nodes are not confined by physical borders but through their connections with other cities

Question 3

A new international division of labour

Answer 3

Emphasizes the increasing importance of service-based activities and the interconnectedness of global markets.

Question 4

A view from off the map

Answer 4

a. Looking at different perspectives from underrepresented cities
b. The “academic” map often only focuses on global cities, and resources are unevenly spread throughout the city.

Question 5

Accumulation by dispossession

Answer 5

Ways in which powerful actors such as corporations, developers, and governments acquire control over urban land, resources, and assets by displacing or marginalizing existing residents or communities

Question 6

Ananya Roy

Answer 6

Euro-American centrism: source of authoritative knowledge; models for success: WHY should they be the model? What about non NA/EU cities?
lack of historical account: HOW did this come to be? Why is everything so economic-centric?
We have to account for historical/cultural/societal/economic differences
Therefore; cities have different pathways and trajectories to become “global”, NOT just economic success
e.g. Vancouver and Pacific Rim?

Question 7

Command-and-control centers/functions

Answer 7

Control by global cities is through generating lots of wealth, handling trade
These cities serve as hubs of influence, they can tell other cities what to do or are gateways

Question 8

Community Opportunity to Purchase Act

Answer 8

a. Gives non-profit organizations the right to purchase property the city owns before the public.

Question 9

Deindustrialization

Answer 9

a. Moving production overseas for cheaper labour giving more profit

Question 10

Developmental state

Answer 10

state-oriented growth to catch up to other cities with advances economies

Question 11

Ethics of extended responsibilities

Answer 11

Responsible not just for the local area but how decisions will impact other places
Keeps in mind impact on the world while building cities - immigration, jobs

Question 12

Filtering

Answer 12

a. When houses age, and wealthy people move to newer houses, and less wealthy people move into their house.
b. If you invest in infrastructure for high-income people, then the wealth will trickle down to lower-income people.

Question 13

Financialization

Answer 13

a. Financializing housing and making it a commodity

Question 14

Fordist regime

Answer 14

• Producing goods at a scale that makes them affordable
  -mass production factories were made to optimize production time and minimize cost
  -Wages are higher than average industrial wage due to profit from optimizing the system (increased morale, stable workforce)

Question 15

Friedrich Engels

Answer 15

-Analyzed the 19th-century housing condition
-housing reform cannot happen without the reform of housing structures

Question 16

Glen Coulthard

Answer 16

Coulthard’s work critically examines the dynamics of settler colonialism in North America and its ongoing impacts on Indigenous peoples. He argues that settler colonialism is not simply a historical event but an ongoing process that continues to structure relations between Indigenous peoples and settler societies.

Question 17

Global cities as aging cities

Answer 17

-Because of better health care, low birth rate, and longer life expectancies, the senior demographic is much higher resulting in changes for transit, infrastructure, services, and economic implications
-Ie. transportation for elderly, retirement housing, different consumption needs

Question 18

Global displacement

Answer 18

-People being forced to move to other countries due to conflict, persecution, economic instability, lack of jobs
-In meatpacking towns, people immigrated there because of displacement not just because of promises of better work

Question 19

Grenfell

Answer 19

-Systemic issues of neglect for safety among marginalized communities through hotel burning down
-Marginalized groups get affected by inadequate safety measures, on top of risks they already face in daily lives

Question 20

Henri Lefebvre

Answer 20

His theory of the “production of space” examines how social relations and power dynamics shape the built environment and spatial organization of society. Lefebvre argued that space is not a neutral or passive backdrop but is actively produced through social practices, cultural representations, and economic processes.

Question 21

Housing crisis

Answer 21

-Global financial crisis of 07/08 is one of factors that led to the global housing crises
-Housing crisis is not a result of the system breaking down but of the system working as it is intended (housing produced and distributed as a commodity to enrich the few)
-Product of capitalist spatial development

Question 22

Housing system

Answer 22

• housing market +housing policy
  -Market: This refers to the demand for housing based on what people are willing and able to pay in the housing market. Factors like income levels, employment opportunities, population growth, and preferences for certain types of housing drive it
  -Social Need: Social need ensures everyone has access to safe, decent, and affordable housing, regardless of their ability to pay in the market. It recognizes housing as a fundamental human right and aims to address issues like homelessness, overcrowding, and inadequate housing conditions.

Question 23

Indigenous resurgence

Answer 23

-Indigenous resist colonial spatializations and create Indigenous space within urban environments
-Indigenous presence in urban areas represents survival, resistance, and resurgence
-Communities play a crucial role in Indigenous resurgence by addressing issues like housing, poverty, and cultural preservation

Question 24

Models-in-circulation

Answer 24

-Emphasis on local communities shaping their cities, not just viewing the Euro-American standard of success
-There is no one-size-fits-all all “template” approach to city development, there should be local agency, cultural diversity - not just the western standard

Question 25

Multiple core-peripheries relations

Answer 25

-An expansion of the original core-peripheries theory
-On top of the original core-peripheries relationship between GS and GN, there are multiple core-peripheries relationships exist within the GS

Question 26

Municipalism

Answer 26

-Giving power to local communities and authorities to make their own decisions on things that affect their lives
-Letting local people make decisions about services instead of government or company corporations

Question 27

Nancy Fraser

Answer 27

She’s the person interviewed in The Crisis of Care article

Question 28

Ordinary cities

Answer 28

The ‘Worlding Cities’ approach was introduced by Ananya Roy, while ‘Ordinary Cities’ was coined by Jennifer Robinson. Both terms are used interchangeably because they employ post-colonial theory to challenge the concept of the ‘Global City. ‘

Question 29

Planetary gentrification

Answer 29

Wealthy people are moving into neighbourhoods, resulting in increasing rent and property prices, causing locals not to be able to afford live there anymore

Question 30

Power Geometry

Answer 30

The rich only benefit more than the poor from time space compression

Question 31

Racial capitalism

Answer 31

-Capitalism is inherently racist because of how it discriminates minorities from colonialism/discrimination
-Racial capitalism relates to minorities facing discrimination, leading to economic exploitation and marginalization, while the capitalist focuses on making more money.

Question 32

Rent gap

Answer 32

-The market value of the rent that can be received is much higher than the amount the homeowners are getting because of limitations on the worth of older houses compared to newer houses
-This leads to a large rent gap between what the homeowners are getting and what they could potentially get - often leading to gentrification

Question 33

Settler colonial urbanism

Answer 33

-Examines how colonial ideologies, structures, and practices shape urban development, governance, and social relations in settler colonial cities
-Changing the urban space in favour of the settlers and ignoring existing infrastructure and culture

Question 34

Settler colonialism

Answer 34

Replace Indigenous society with settler colonial society; erase their everything (e.g. residential schools)

Question 35

Social reproduction

Answer 35

Social reproduction refers to the processes and activities necessary for the maintenance and reproduction of society, including the care work, labor, and everyday practices that sustain individuals and communities over time.

Question 36

Structural racism

Answer 36

Racism is built into society, government, and institutions

Question 37

Supply-chain urbanism

Answer 37

-Cities are transformed to have an efficient circulation of goods

-The cost of goods movement is shifted to low-income and exploited communities

-Changes in the city interconnected by global supply chains

Question 38

Terra nullius

Answer 38

Nobody’s land; Indigenous people are considered too primitive to be considered landowners

Question 39

The Asian century

Answer 39

-The term to describe the 21st century’s historic transformation in Asia
-Asia is going through massive economic growth.

Question 40

The bubble economy

Answer 40

-rapid urban expansion; state-owned land in the city centre sold to private firms

-caused unexpected hike of land prices, insane speculation; loose monetary policies = banks loan money to everyone
-240,000yen/m2 = 1.2million yen/m2 in ‘81->’88
-bubble pops = housing crashes
-economic stasis: loss of money -> drop in confidence/assets/reserves -> nothing happens -> loop
displacement

Question 41

The crisis of care

Answer 41

Term that describes the decrease in social care in our capitalist society
social care: work that hold society together by strengthening human bonds (ex. baby sitting, elderly care, couple therapist)

Question 42

The hierarchy of world cities

Answer 42

-Some cities are ranked higher in relevance because of how connected they are to the global economy (where lots of money flows in and out and lots of money is gathered)
-Main important cities are constantly changing as new cities become more connected

Question 43

The hyper-commodification of housing

Answer 43

-Process where housing is treated primarily as a commodity for investment and profit rather than as a fundamental human need. This means that housing is increasingly viewed as a financial asset rather than a place for people to live.

-Demand for housing as an investment tends to drive up prices. This can make it difficult for regular people, especially those with lower incomes, to afford to buy or even rent a home in areas where housing has become very expensive.

Question 44

The permanent crisis of housing (Maden & Marcuse)

Answer 44

The housing crisis is ‘permanent’ in capitalist society as the housing market structurally benefits the rich and puts the majority in a housing crisis.

Question 45

The production of raced space

Answer 45

-Racialized perceptions and stereotypes change how different urban areas are poorly labelled

-Race shapes the spatial organization of cities, with profound implications for social justice, urban development, and community well-being

Question 46

The world city hypothesis

Answer 46

-The city’s integration with the global economy affects structural changes within it

-Depending on the role that the city plays (like global financial centers), they may specialize in different industries/areas (core cities)

-It suggests that certain cities play a crucial role in the global economy and exert significant influence over economic, political, and cultural affairs on a worldwide scale

Question 47

The Singapore model

Answer 47

-Lessons in government intervention, affordability, long term quality design, mixed-use development, long term planning, homeownership promotion, continual upgrading

-The state actively supports free market, where they remove barriers to free trade and promote competition

-housing development board that is only for Singapore residents, prioritizes first-time buyers (offers incentives) = good public housing model that solves housing crisis and BC should follow

Question 48

Time-space compression (A Global Sense of Place - Doreen Massey)

Answer 48

-How time between spaces has compressed due to technological innovation

-Spatial expansion and intensification of the movement of capital and economic activities, as well as the movement of people

Question 49

Worlding cities

Answer 49

-A perspective that takes into account historical context, diversity in the city, and diversity between cities

-Acknowledges that cities are connected globally and not in isolation

-Promotes how cities can be important and impactful in their own unique ways

Question 50

Ruth Wilson Gilmore

Answer 50

The definition of racism: “Racism…is the state-sanctioned or extralegal production and exploitation of group-differentiated vulnerability to premature death.” (Ruth Wilson Gilmore, 2007)