PLACES & SPACES Flashcards
1
Q
Factors shaping place identity
A
- Physical environment
- Built environment
- Demographics
- Culture
- History
- Socio-economics
- Political
2
Q
Define place
A
A space to which people have a connection
3
Q
Define space
A
Between places and does not have a specific connection to it
4
Q
What is time space compression?
A
The process of spaces between places getting smaller because of globalisation, global villages and transport links.
5
Q
What is sense of place?
A
Your experience shaping your perception of a place.
6
Q
What characteristics shape your place perception?
A
- Sexuality
- Gender
- Role
- Age
- Emotional Attachment
- Experience
7
Q
What is a perception?
A
Everyone having a different connection to a location.
8
Q
What is the difference between formal and informal place representation?
A
Formal = not disputable
Informal = Develops an individual and unique opinion and is disputable.
9
Q
Examples of informal place representation.
A
TV, Art, Music, Events, Food, Film, Photography
10
Q
Examples of formal place representation.
A
Language, currency, flag, census data, location, religion and wealth.
11
Q
What is a global village?
A
Because of globalisation, the idea of people knowing what is happening in another place at all times because of quicker flows of ideas.
- Eg. due to technology, media and the news.
12
Q
What is a clone town?
A
Place with undifferentiated place identity because of a lack of unique placemaking factors.
Eg. CB1 due to repetitive high street brands
13
Q
How has globalisation caused economic change?
A
- Economic restructuring
- Global Shift
- Deindustrialisation
- Post industrial societies
- New devisions of labour
14
Q
What is global shift?
A
Industry moving to another country
15
Q
Outline Birmingham’s global shift
A
- 1970 car TNCs eg. Toyota and Nissan, shifted to Japan due to cheaper labour and oil.
- Created 20% unemployment and stimulated a spiral of decline and deindustrialisation.
16
Q
Outline Detroit’s deindustrialisation
A
- Car TNC global shift to Mexico
- Caused 30% unemployment and 60% population left in 1950 (white flight)
- Poor and criminals remained
- Multiple deprivation and spiral of decline causing brownfield sites.
- Eg. 12 derelict skyscrapers
17
Q
Positives of global shift
A
- TNCs more profitable due to lower costs, lower consumer prices?
- Jobs in LIDC stimulate multiplier effect
- Increases export income for LIDCs
18
Q
Negatives of global shift
A
- Exploited workers
- Bad conditions eg. Bangladesh sweat shops
- Child labour
- Little regulation of health and safety
- Higher carbon footprint
19
Q
What is meant by Economic Restructuring?
A
- Shifts in labour demand in a country because of changes in industry to be more profitable
- EG. UK and USA from secondary to tertiary like Silicon Valley and Cambridge Science Park.
20
Q
What is deindustrialisation?
A
Closure of factories due to global shift creating derelict brownfield sites and unemployment.
21
Q
Examples of deindustrialisation
A
Detroit and Birmingham
22
Q
How does unemployment stimulate a spiral of decline?
A
- Less opportunity/employment
- Less tax
- Less investment into service maintenance
- Worsened built env and standard of living
- Richer people migrate
- Less taxes
- Reduced investment confidence and so less opportunity.
23
Q
What is a post industrial society?
A
When labour has shifted to tertiary and quaternary sectors, away from secondary due to global shift, economic restructuring and deindustrialisation
24
Q
What is it called when a country becomes specialised in a particular industry?
A
A new division of labour caused by globalisation and trade interdependencies.
25
Examples of a new division of labour specialisation
- Costa Rica coffee
- Kenya cocoa
- China manufacturing
- UK potatoes
- Saudi Arabia oil
26
Compare the built environment in Toxteth versus Lymphstone.
Toxteth: Empty buildings boarded up. Valdalism. Eyesore.
Lymphstone: Old cottages, traditional with house prices above the national average, high ownership tenures. Quality doctors and shops.
27
Where is Toxteth?
Liverpool by River Mersey
28
What is Toxteth and Lymphstone ethnicity like?
Toxteth: Very multi-ethnic because of people migrating into the cheaper area.
Lymphstone: Mono-culture of christian white people
29
What are the issues in Toxteth?
- Crime (drug culture, vandalism)
- Poverty (40% children in poverty)
- 54% no cars
- High unemployment and little opportunity
- Bad quality and little access to healthcare so 9.4% have bad health
- Only attracts other people experiencing poverty = spiral of decline continues
- 1980s riots
30
What is attractive about Lymphstone?
- Ageing population so is very peaceful with 25% people being above 65 years old.
- Traditional village pubs and old cottages
- Pebble beaches and coastal environment
- low population density only 16.6
- Many commute into Exeter by train for high pay jobs.
- High to middle income conservative voters.
31
What makes the location of Lymphstone so attractive?
- 15km train to commute to Exeter for high pay jobs.
- Coastal, peaceful, pretty pebble beaches
32
In what year did Detroit file for bankruptcy and how much was the city in debt?
$18-20 million in debt
- 2013 filed for bankruptcy
- Largest US state ever to file.
33
What city was known as the Motor City in early 20th century?
DETROIT
Motor City due to Ford, General Motors and Chrysler
34
What was the impact of the 1967 Riots in Detroit on the socioeconomics of the city?
- Racial segregation due to inequality
- Led to white flight (rich, white moved to suburbs)
- Reduced city tax revenue
- Public services couldn't be funded so crime rose
- Spending in suburbs increased leading to suburbanisation
35
What did Ford do in 1980s that impacted Detroit?
Outsourced manufacturing to Mexico for cheaper labour.
- Led to unemployment.
36
What percentage of the Detroit population are homeless and in poverty?
30%
37
What percentage of murders in Detroit are unsolved and why?
70% of murders are unsolved
- Lack of tax revenue and Government very laissez faire so little input to improving public safety.
38
How did international competition in the car industry impact Detroit in 1970s?
Japanese TNCs developed more affordable and fuel efficienct cars
Eg. Toyota and Honda
- 1973 Oil crisis meant fuel prices were high.
39
How many derelict skyscrapers are there in Detroit?
12 derelict skyscrapers
40
What happened in 1973 that impacted manufacturing industries in Detroit and Birmingham?
Oil crisis 1973
- Price per barrel rose 300% in a few months
41
What city was known as the metal bashing centre of the UK?
Birmingham
42
How many people did Dunlop tyres employ between 1917 and 1950 in Birmingham?
Dunlop employed 10,000 by 1950
43
What did Dunlop tyres do in 1970s and why?
Rise in cheaper brands in Japan like Nissan and Toyota meant Dunlop was struggling to compete.
1973 oil crisis forced further de-scaling.
- Retrenched their operations to remain profitable.
- Making many redundancies.
44
How did global shift impact Birmingham?
- Steel manufacturers re-located to China for cheaper labour and therefore to improve market share.
45
Between 1970 and 1980 how many jobs were lost in Birmingham's secondary sector?
200,000 manufacturing jobs.
- Unemployment at 20%
46
List Birmingham's regeneration methods
- Tax breaks for SMEs
- Transport improvement
- Heartland Redevelopment
- Research Park
- Towerblock improvements
- The Bull Ring
47
How does the Bull Ring help to regenerate Birmingham?
- Retail Hub
- Magnet stores
- Multiplier effect
- 30 million visitors annually
- Unique architecture enhances brand artefact
- Investment
48
How has transport been improved in Birmingham?
- M1 and M6 links improved and more efficient.
- 1hr train to London and New Street Station is the busiest UK station outside of London.
- Birmingham City Airport attracts TNCs and FDI.
49
Why is Birmingham research park significant?
- Quaternary Jobs
- Innovation and research hub, reputation improvement
- 3 universities bring 50,000 students leading to multiplier effect
- Medical and technological researching
- 20% of the research park is greenspace
50
What is a boom?
Rapid period of GDP economic growth
Eg. Birmingham in early 20th century
51
What is a recession?
Period of economic shrinkage
52
What is capitalism?
Corporate chasing short term profits by high investment into growth.
53
List the main economic players in shaping a place
- EU
- National Government
- Local Government
- TNCs
- Private sector businesses
54
How do private sector businesses shape the socio-economic identity of a place?
Provide jobs.
Pay corporation tax.
Spending and multiplier effect
Shape standard of living.
Access to products for consumers.
Leisure activity = shopping, pubs, bars.
Eg. Lymphstone community pub.
55
How do TNCs affect a place?
- Corporate social responsibility eg. Kenco Coffee v Gangs, offers non-exploited employment and skill development.
- Jobs eg. Cambridge Science Park
- Improves investment confidence, increasing FDI.
- Global brands eg. McDonalds attract people to a service station.
56
How do local governments shape a place?
- Services maintained eg. bin workers, police.
- Protect good quality of living.
- The council and local MPs
57
How do National Governments shape socio-economics ?
- Fiscal policy (taxes progressive system and spending.)
- Planning spending.
- Controls the economy with Bank of England via Inflation and interest rates.
- Education quality and what goes on the curriculum eg. health, smoking, contraception
- NHS, public services
- Legislation eg. environmental, discrimination, minimum wage
- Subsidies to lower income eg. benefits, free childcare and free school meals.
58
What is so significant about Silicon Valley?
- Booming high skill technology innovation lead.
- In a core region of California near Stanford University.
- Law and patent specialists to secure inventions quickly
- Start-up firms supported by venture capital firms
59
How many tech start ups in Silicon Valley?
300,000
60
How much venture capital cash is injected into Silicon Valley?
$50-60bn per year
(half of all USA venture capital expenditure total)
61
Average tech salary in Silicon Valley
$144,000
Highest in USA
62
What big brand TNC have their HQs in Silicon Valley?
Google, Apple.
63
How many billionaires in Silicon Valley?
63+
64
Define inequality
Uneven distribution of wealth, resources and opportunities
65
What is multiple deprivation?
Cyclical lagging behind of some places or people because of multiple interdependent factors exacerbating social issues.
Eg. Jembatan Besi: slums, poverty, informal economy, poor health, no access to education, child labour.
66
Methods of measuring inequality?
- House ownership and prices
- Literacy levels and qualifications
- Incomes
- Car ownership's
- Crime and violence stats
- Employment (informal??)
- Viral deaths
- Life expectancy
- Communicable diseases
67
What is a squatter settlement?
Where the owner has no legal right to occupy the land they do.
Eg. Rio Favelas, Jembatan Besi slums
68
Average income in Jembetan Besi per day versus Northwood Irvine
JB: $4 a day in informal economy and child labour.
NI: $130,000 per year in high skill and secure roles.
69
What is housing like in Jembetan Besi?
Informal, squatter settlements
25% slums
On a sewage waste tip
Self built homes = unsafe
70
Outline Northwood Irvine's built environment
- Planned city on LA conurbation
- Large homes
- Private healthcare access
- Golf green spaces
71
Compare health of residents in Jembatan Besi versus Northwood Irvine
JB: Cholera from sewage water, malnutrition, communicable diseases spread due to high population density of 29000 in 1km2.
NI: smoking, obesity, heart issues. Private healthcare is high quality and life expectancy is 80.
72
Outline causes of poor environment in Jembatan Besi
Sewage into water courses
No toilets
No sanitation
Kerasine fuel for cooking pollutes the air.
73
What is the significance of Jembatan Besi's location?
4km from wealthy Jakarta which is a megacity with prosperous opportunity
- Evokes spatial inequality and lack of investment into rural areas
74
What is placemaking?
Placemaking is the multifaceted approach to planning and designing a place.
75
What is a brand artefact?
The tangible environment in a place.
76
What is brand essence?
Brand essence is the overall experience of the place because of the overall place image.
77
What is brandscape?
The places uniqueness compared to other competitors.
Eg. LAs Vegas is very unique.
- Lacking unique branscape = a clone town.
78
Examples of architectural brand artefacts
- Bull Ring
- San Marino Bay in Singapore
- Eiffel Tower
- Covent Garden traditional storefronts
- Las Vegas The Bellagio Fountains
79
Why are local plans significant in placemaking?
- Evoke governmental / public-private organisation plans to the community
- Outlines the projections of place
Eg. Oxford growing science park by 2036.
80
What is rebranding?
Altering a places brand identity to revitalise the image and perception by encouraging inward investment.
81
Example of rebranding
CB1
82
What is market led rebranding?
Private businesses investing for profit.
Into property, leisure and retail
83
What is flagship development rebranding?
Having a major property project that then catalyses future investments.
Eg. The Bull Ring
84
What is Top Down rebranding?
High power public-private partnerships and the National Government implementing plans.
Eg. CB1 70% locals objected
85
Examples of market led rebranding
- Hitachi rail Newton Aycliffe
- Battersea Power Station producing luxury apartments and offices
- Bull ring
86
Examples of events and legacy helping to rebrand?
- London Olympics 2012 Stratford (Queen Elizabeth Park and East Village)
- Liverpool Eurovision
- Glastonbury music festival
- MK Dons stadium
87
What is gentrification with an example?
An areas cost of living being less suited to low income communities because of higher house prices, high skilled jobs, high cost retail and restaurants.
Eg. CB1 local communities left due to higher prices.
Eg. Battersea luxury offices and flats
88
What is a 24 hour city?
Whereby the economy works through night and daytime maximising the urban resources and infrastructure.
89
Examples of 24 hour city innovation strategies
- New York City is known as the Town that never sleeps because of the subway and night life
- Japanese city of lights and strong 24 hour workforces.
- London Underground 24 hour service
90
Examples in UK of art rebranding a place.
- Glastonbury music festival.
- The West End.
91
Why did CB1 need rebranding?
- Train station blightened visitors perception of Cambridge
- Low quality office spaces
- Lack in any identity and vibrancy
- No green spaces
92
How did the Cambridge Station get rebranded in 2016?
- 6000 bike racks
- £4 million
- cameras to improve safety
- Taxi ranks
- Infrastructure uses the historical Cambridge heritage
- Public sculpture outside
- Attractive and accessible inviting tourists and commuters to area
93
Problems with CB1 rebranding
- Gentrification = locals moved.
- Clone City so lack of unique brandscape.
- 70% locals objected to scheme.
- Studentification loud and antisocial.
- High cost houses so many commute which creates congestion and air pollution.
- Offices very modern and lack identity.
94
What TNCs have offices in CB1?
2012 = Microsoft
2017 = Amazon in Station Square
Astra Zeneca global HQ
95
Evaluate success of new offices in CB1.
Good = high skill jobs invite multiplier eg. law, tech, engineering, global reputation due to Amazon, Microsoft and Astra Zeneca HQ.
Bad = Commute so salaries not into local economy, lack of individuality, congestion due to commuting, only high skill so gentrification.
96
How did studentification occur in CB1?
- In 2011: 1000 student accommodation for Anglia Ruskin
97
Case study for FDI and market led rebranding
Hitachi Rail Newton Aycliffe
98
Opportunities of Hitachi Rail FDI
- 700 jobs by 2020 (opened 2015)
- £85 million investment from Japan to Uk
- Steam Train UK Heritage celebrated
- High tech engineering and manufacturing encourages other TNCs due to boosted investment confidence
- Northern wealth (reduces N and S divide)
99
Negatives of Hitachi Rail FDI
- Specialised jobs in one industry only
- Congestion due to jobs
- Japan does not pay ay import tax on the shipped parts
- On a Greenfield site so bad for the environment
- Lack of local consultation.
100
Who are the Kurds?
A placeless ethnic group of over 25million who are Sunni Muslims
They have fought for homeland of Kurdistan for 100 years.
Devoted and willing to die for their place of Kurdistan
48% of Kurds live in turkey
101
What is FDI?
Inward investment from a foreign country
Eg Japan Hitachi rail to UK Newton Aycliffe.
