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Physio 2 exam 3 > Placentation, Gestation, Parturition > Flashcards

Placentation, Gestation, Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

5 structures that make up the placenta in domestic animal

A 
Chorion (outermost)
Amnion (surrounds embryo)
Allantois
Yolk sac
umbilical cord
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2
Q

What is the allantois

A

Cavity originating as outpouching of hindgut, continuous with urachus

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3
Q

4 ways to classify placentation

A

Shape
Degree of invasiveness
Intimacy of attachment
Nature of fetal placental vasculature

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4
Q

4 shapes of placentas

A

Diffuse
Cotyledonary
Zonary
Discoid

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5
Q

Who has a diffuse placenta?

A

Horse, pig, camelid

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6
Q

Who has a Cotyledonary placenta?

A

Cow, sheep, goat

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7
Q

Who has a Zonary placenta?

A

Dog, cat

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8
Q

Who has a discoid placenta?

A

Human, mouse

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9
Q

4 degrees of invasiveness of placenta

A

Epitheliochorial
Syndesmochorial
Endotheliochorial
Hemochorial

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10
Q

What is an epitheliochorial placenta and who has it?

A

It has intact membranes on both sides.

Cow, pig, horse

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11
Q

What is a syndesmochorial placenta and who has it?

A

It’s a fetal-maternal syncytium

Sheep, cow

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12
Q

What’s an endotheliochorial placenta and who has it?

A

It has one layer between fetal and maternal endothelial cells.
Dog and cat

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13
Q

What’s a hemochorial placenta and who has it?

A

Maternal blood is in DIRECT contact with chorion.

Human, mouse, guinea pig

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14
Q

2 ways to classify intimacy of attachment?

A

Adeciduate

Deciduate

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15
Q

What is an adeciduate intimacy of attachment?

A

Loose fitting of villi with endometrium. Villi pull free without disrupting endometrium during parturition
Horse, pig, ruminants

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16
Q

What is a deciduate intimacy of attachment?

A

Close fitting of villi-endometrium. Villi pull free and cause erosion of endometrium during parturition.
Dog, cat, human

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17
Q

Bovine placenta characteristics:

A

Cotyledonary, chorioallantoic, epitheliochorial and syndesmochorial, adeciduate

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18
Q

Characteristics of equine placenta:

A

Diffuse, chorioallantoic, epitheliochorial, villous, adeciduate

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19
Q

Characteristics of canine placenta:

A

Zonary, chorioallantoic, endotheliochorial, deciduate

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20
Q

What are endometrial cups? Purpose?

A

Found in equine placenta. Form during pregnancy and are source of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). Purpose is to increase immunological tolerance of mare in order to protect developing foal

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21
Q

Other structures of equine placenta

A 
Allantoic vesicles 
Cervical star
 Amniotic plaques 
Yolk sac
Hippomane
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22
Q

Bovine placenta characteristics?

A 
Amniotic plaques
Allantoic calcification mineralization 
Allantoic calculi = "bovimane"
Necrotic tips of chorion
Adventitious / adventitial placentation
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23
Q

Characteristics of pig placenta

A

Necrotic tips

Areolae

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24
Q

Characteristics of dog placenta

A

Marginal hematoma

Yolk sac

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25
Q

Unique about camelid placenta?

A

Epitheliochorial but also has horizontal line “epithelion” across placenta

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26
Q

Cow fetal period? What happens at this point?

A

After 45d
Fetus has organs, placenta
It’s a period of growth

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27
Q

6 hormones produced in conjunction with placenta?

A 
Progesterone
Estrogen
Relaxin
Placental lactogen
Chorionic gonadotrophin
Prolactin
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28
Q

What’s unique about progesterone in equine pregnancy?

A

There’s no native progesterone in late equine pregnancy because the pregnancy is maintained by 5alpha-pregnanes which interacts with progesterone receptors and acts like progesterone

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29
Q

What is unique about estrogen in late equine pregnancy?

A

There are high circulating levels of unique estrogens, equilin & equilenin. There’s also an industry for pregnant mare urine bc its used to make hormone replacement for human women.

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30
Q

What is the function of fetal fluids?

A

Protection, nutrient reservoir, water reservoir

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31
Q

T or F: progesterone is a requirement for mammalian pregnancy

A

T

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32
Q

Where does progesterone come from?

A

Ovary and placenta

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33
Q

Unique about progesterone?

A

It’s a C21 steroid and it can also be called “prostagen”

34
Q

4 functions of progesterone:

A

Placental development / function
Myometrial quiescence
Cervical closure
Immune mediation

35
Q

What are the 3 maternal cardiovascular responses to pregnancy?

A
  1. Uterine blood flow increase (decreased vascular resistance / new blood vessel growth)
  2. CO increases
  3. BV increases
36
Q

4 physiological changes of pregnancy?

A
  1. Increased circulating volume (decreased hematocrit)
  2. Increased insulin resistance
  3. Decreased residual volume
  4. Kidney, GI, immune tolerance
37
Q

What diseases could result in an increased insulin resistance during pregnancy?

A
  • Risk of laminitis

- Risk of frank diabetes

38
Q

How do physiological changes in pregnancy affect anesthesia?

A

Have to give less anesthesia

39
Q

5 triggers for parturition?

A
  1. Fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
  2. Sustained fetal hypoxemia in late pregnancy
  3. Placental adequacy, rapidly growing fetus
  4. Fetal maturation
  5. High cortisol levels: highly bound, rapidly metabolized
40
Q

How is cortisol made?

A

CRH –> ACTH –> Cortisol

41
Q

What happens to fetus when cortisol levels are elevated?

A

Final maturation of fetal lung, kidneys, Brian
Induces P450C17 enzymes
(In primate and guinea pigs)

42
Q

What do P450C17 enzymes do?

A

Progesterone –> androgens –> estrogens
Switch in P4:E2 ratio
Increased production of prostaglandins by placenta and uterus

43
Q

Functions of prostaglandin F2alpha?

A

Further stimulates fetal secretion of CRH
Stimulus P450 system
Myotonic (inability to relax voluntary muscle after rigorous effort)

44
Q

Functions of estrogen?

A

Synergistic with relaxin
Breaks down disulphide bonds in collagen (softens ligaments, cervical ripening)
-also functions in activating relaxin in cow (in ovary) and mare (in placenta)

45
Q

What are cytokines responsible for in parturition?

A

Recruiting leukocytes to placenta, endometrium, cervix, and contributing enzymes to cervical ripening, placental detachment, and uterine remodeling

46
Q

4 main activities of myometrium in pregnancy:

A
  1. Free intracellular Ca2+
  2. MLCK activation (via calmodulin) / phosphorylation
  3. PGF2alpha and oxytocin
  4. Relaxin stimulation
47
Q

Mechanism of PGF2a?

A

SR binds calcium = free calcium = Calmodulin + MLCK bind = Actin + Myosin –> contraction!!!!!

48
Q

What is fergusson’s reflex?

A

Pressure in cervix/vagina which increases secretion of oxytocin and an urge to push fetus

49
Q

Where does cervical dilation start and what happens during it?

A

Starts at vaginal end. Gets progressively shorter.

50
Q

Major trigger of parturition is fetal production of:

A

Cortisol

51
Q

Where is amniotic fluid absorbed during a fetus’ first breath?

A

Absorbed from lung into pulmonary circulation

52
Q

What is the main stimulation of fetus’ first breath?

A

Cold. Touch and sound also stimulate respiration

53
Q

What is the role of central chemoreceptors in fetus’ first breath?

A

Increase respiratory drive

54
Q

What stimulates central chemoreceptors?

A

Hypoxia, hypercarbia

55
Q

What kind of pressure is present when fetus is born?

A

High NEGATIVE inspiratory pressure

56
Q

What does the high negative inspiratory pressure contribute to in initial breathing of fetus?

A

Airway resistance, fluid in airways, and surface tension of alveoli

57
Q

What are the effects of production of surfactant by type II pneumocytes during a fetus’ first breath?

A

Cortisol is produced. Epi is produced (or inj. Can be given), alveolar distention happens to stimulate breathing

58
Q

Where is the respiratory rhythm generated?

A

Ventrolateral medulla

59
Q

What is respiratory rhythm modulated by?

A

Central chemoreceptors (in response to changing CO2, pH, O2)

60
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors function as?

A

Sensing high O2 in neonate. Silent at first. Adapt over 48 hrs.

61
Q

What are the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Aortic and carotid bodies

62
Q

What is the initial response to hypoxia?

A

Tachypnea followed by reversion to fetal response

63
Q

Where is oxygenated blood delivered in fetus?

A

Brain, myocardium

64
Q

Where is returning oxygenated blood delivered in fetus?

A

Ductus venosus, foramen ovale

65
Q

What is the function of the ductus venosus?

A

Bypasses liver to vena cava

66
Q

Function of foramen ovale?

A

Shunt from R to L atrium

67
Q

Where is deoxygenated blood in fetus delivered?

A

RA, RV, pulm a.

68
Q

How much blood does ductus arteriosus deviate to aorta?

A

80%

69
Q

What closes at birth?

A

Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Ductus venosus

70
Q

What happens when ductus venosus closes?

A

Reverse flow

71
Q

What happens when ductus arteriosus closes?

A

ALL BLOOD CAN NOW TRAVEL TO LUNGS VIA PULM AA.
Drop in pulmonary pressure
Increase in systemic vascular resistance
Reverse flow
Increased PO2
Decreased PGE2

72
Q

Why do neonates lose heat so quickly?

A

High surface:volume ratio (dont weight much)
Limited SQ fat for insulation
Evaporate heat loss bc WET

73
Q

How to stimulate thermogenesis?

A

Limb movement

Stimulation of brown fat (triglycerides + free FAs)

74
Q

Is stimulation of brown fat sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

SYMPATHETIC

75
Q

What’s important about hepatic function in neonates?

A

Gradually increases over first 3 months

76
Q

What is true about renal function in neonates?

A

Glomeruli + nephrons present at birth but immature
Lack osmotic gradient (cant concentrate anything)
LOWER GFR than adult

77
Q

What does it mean that neonates have a lower GFR than adults?

A

Susceptible to dehydration + volume overload (bc they feel dehydrated so want to drink more fluid but end up not being able to properly filter so system is overloaded with water)

78
Q

What stimulates lactation?

A

Progesterone, estradiol, prolactin, placental lactogens (ONLY some species)

79
Q

Importance of colostrum?

A

Immunoglobulins
Immune cells
Nutritive

80
Q

What is the milk-ejection reflex?

A

Stimulus: suckling is the sensory input —> hypothalamus —> AP releases prolactin = milk production and PP releases oxytocin = milk ejection

Physio 2 exam 3 (4 decks)

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