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Anatomy SF1 > Placentation > Flashcards

Placentation Flashcards

1
Q

Vitalline Vesicles, Chronion, Allantois and Amnion are?

A

Embryonic annexes

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2
Q

Define Embryo Implantation or Nidation?

A

The process of fusion between Embryo Trophoblast (external surface) and the Uterine Mucosa (endometrium)

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3
Q

At what stage are Embryo Trophoblasts formed?

A

During Blastulation process. ET are external blastomers formed during Blastulation

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4
Q

What kind of Embryo implantation do Carnivores and Ungulates have?

A

Central implantation-embryo implants in centre of uterus lumen

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5
Q

Describe Eccentric embryo implantation

A

Embryo is partially isolated from the uterus lumen + partly surrounded by endometrium- occurs only in rodents!

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6
Q

Which E.Implantation type is characterized by total isolation from uterus lining + totally surrounded by endometrium?

A

Interstitial (humans, monkeys, guinea pigs)

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7
Q

Where does the Vitelline Vesicle develop from?

A

From Endoderm (most internal layer germ layer) + Splachnopleura (lower lateral part of mesoderm)

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8
Q

Mammals have a small or large vitelline vesicle ? why?

A

Small vitelline vesicle- due to the nearly no presence of yolk because they are Alecithial eggs.

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9
Q

Amnion + chorion develop from?

A

Ectoderm (most external part of germ layer-formed post Gastrulation) + Somatopleura (lateral top part of mesoderm- in somites)

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10
Q

Amniotic fluid is located?

A

Inside amnion and surrounds embryo (is a sac)

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11
Q

In mammals, what structure helps develop the foetal placenta?

A

Chorion

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12
Q

What composes a Placenta?

A

Foetal placenta (chorion) + maternal placenta (endometrium)

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13
Q

What is the function of Allantois in Poultry?

A

Breathing, Ca+ absorption, aids waste material removal

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14
Q

Characteristics of Allantois in poultry?

A

Grow fast + surround amnion + surround Vit.Vesicles

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15
Q

The chorion allantois membrane is present in …?

A

Mammals- comes from allantois

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16
Q

Chorion Allantois membrane

A

Forms foetal placenta in mammals

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17
Q

What provides nutrients for Embryo?

A

The Albumen (transparent like structure in yolk)

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18
Q

Poultry egg is fully developed at ?

A

21 days

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19
Q

Fetal placenta has Chronic Villi; what are the 2 sub classifications?

A

Smooth/leave Chorion and Chorion Frondosum

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20
Q

What is the function of the Allantois for both mammals and poultry?

A

Breathing, Ca absorption, waste removal

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21
Q

Foetal placenta is formed by what?

A

Chorioallantoic placenta (definitive) and Choriovitelline placenta (destroyed transformed into A)

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22
Q

What type of chorionic villi make up the foetal placenta?

A

Chorion Laeve/Smooth and Chorion Frondosum

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23
Q

Embryonic annexes in mammals develop from

A

Trophoblasts

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24
Q

Embryonic annexes in poultry develop from

A

Ectoderm

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25
Q

What is a Chorion?

A

The outermost fetal membrane around the embryo (mammals birds).
Develops from an outer fold on the surface of the yolk sac, which lies outside ZP (in mammals); vitelline membrane in Poulty.

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26
Q

What is the function of the Cotyledons? What are they?

A

Are C.Frondusum together forming spherical balls
Receive fetal blood from chorionic vessels, which branch off cotyledon vessels into the cotyledons, which, in turn, branch into capillaries. The cotyledons are surrounded by maternal blood, which can exchange oxygen and nutrients with the fetal blood in the capillaries.

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27
Q

The Chorion Frondosum in the Zonary placenta is organized forming what structure?

A

Forming a band surrounding the middle embryo area.

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28
Q

Which placenta type only has Chorion Frondosum?

A

Carnivore Zonary placenta

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29
Q

The cotyledons originate from

A

Chorion; cotyledons are many C.F together forming spherical structure

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30
Q

Placentas can be classified according to

A

Morphologically, Histologically or according to uterine mucosa

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31
Q

Histological classification of placenta is dependent on what?

A

On number of cell layers separating maternal from foetal blood

32
Q

Morphological classification of placenta is dependent on what?

A

On chorion villi type

33
Q

What are the maternal cell layers sperating maternal from foetal blood?

A

Endothelium (cells surrounding embryo b.v), connective tissue (forms uterus) and endometrial epithelium (most external part)

34
Q

The uterus is formed by what?

A

Formed by endometrium surrounded by epithelium

35
Q

What is /are the most external embryo cell layer?

A

The chronic epithelium

36
Q

Where does the connective tissue from the embryonic cell layer come from?

A

From the embryo

37
Q

Endothelium is?

A

Cells surrounding embryo + blood vessels

38
Q

All cell layers are destroyed except for which type of placental histological classification?

A

Epitheliochorial

39
Q

What is destroyed in an Endotheliochorial placenta?

A

the maternal tissue and connective tissue

40
Q

Which placenta type allows for the greatest /easier antibody passage?

A

Haemochorial

41
Q

What layers are destroyed in an Haemochorial placenta?

A

Endothelium, maternal connective tissue, endometrial epithelium (surrounded by blood vessels)

42
Q

Which structures are destroyed/lost in a Syndesmochorial placenta?

A

Endometrial Endothelium

43
Q

Which structures is lost/destroyed in an Endothelial placenta?

A

Endometrial epithelium and maternal connective tissue

44
Q

Which structures is lost/destroyed in an Haemochorial placenta?

A

Endometrial epithelium + maternal connective tissue + endothelium

45
Q

What does the chorionic sac cover?

A

It’s the most external membrane- covers embryo + embryonic annexes (foetal placental formed by outer blastomer)

46
Q

The outer blastoderm forms the?

A

Trophoblast

47
Q

The umbilical cord is responsible for?

A

The communication between mother + foetus

48
Q

The amnion fluid?

A

Prevents desiccation

49
Q

Inside the umbilical arteries we find what type of blood vessel arteries?

A

Umbilical arteries (deox blood) and umbilical veins (oxygenated blood- mom🡪kid)

50
Q

Mammals have:

A

2 umbilical arteries and 2 umbilical veins

51
Q

Define the equine placenta type

A

Completely Diffused; Epithelial Cordial; Adeciduate; shape Concave

52
Q

How long is an equine umbilical cord?

A

1 mtr

53
Q

Mare with twin birth can be problematic; it can lead to:

A

Congential disorders; normally 1 twin dies due to lack of space (vesicle has to be popped)

54
Q

Umbilical cord length in ruminants?

A

¼ of foetus length

55
Q

The “Free Martinism Processes” happens in what species? Is described as what?

A

Occurring in cows with twins
Both twins will be viable/health is both same sex; if NOT same sex then FMP ossucrs causing congenital malformation on the female cow (aka-male fetus gets more developed; female cow will be born unfertile).

56
Q

Consequences of “Free Martinism Processes”?

A

Congenital disorders in female embryo; resulting in infertile/sterile female (abnormal repro track).

57
Q

Preg period of a Pig

A

114 days (3m, 3w, 3 d)

58
Q

What things are exceptions and did not develop during the foetal period?

A

Organ + tissue development, foetal metabolism and nutrition, foetal growth

59
Q

What is the most important change after birth?

A

Cardiorespiratory system

60
Q

What systems are still immature after birth?

A

Circulatory and respiratory system

61
Q

During the foetal period the circulatory system development is carried out by what organ?

A

Liver

62
Q

Post Foetal period, the circulatory system development is carried out by what organ?

A

Bone marrow producing RBC

63
Q

The 1st brith is important; it provides

A

The alveoli to expand and start working

64
Q

The Respiratory system (lungs) during the Foetal period is immature, being that the lungs are?

A

Collapsed – only maturating after birth

65
Q

Common factors affecting foetal growth are:

A

Genetic + environmental factors

66
Q

What are the 3 most important + common changes occurring post foetal period (post birth)?

A

Cardio-Respiratory; Thermoregulatory; Immunology s(takes time to complete and still immature; in totally takes about 4-6 months to complete hence why colostrum is so important)

67
Q

Which are the mechanisms and processes affecting embryo development?

A

Cellular differentiation; Patterning (Hoax genes); cell migration; growth; cell death

68
Q

A Stem cell forming another cell is an example of?

A

Cellular differentiation

69
Q

What controls the patterning process?

A

Patterning is the process of cell or tissue organization. Morphogens (structures) control the process of Patterning (eg. Hoax genes)

70
Q

Hoax Genes?

A

Are a grp of related genes controlling body development in embryo. If abnormal can cause mutation (congenital disorder-abnormal embryo development)
[e.g syndactyly- 2 digit fusion]

71
Q

Hypertrophy vs Hyperplasia?

A

Hypertrophy is increase in cell size
Hyperplasia is increase in cell number

72
Q

Cell Death is classified into:

A

Apoptosis: naturally occurring cell death (programmed)
Necrosis: injured cell, causing premature death in living tissue, Necrosis occurs via Autolysis

73
Q

Teratology can be described by:

A

The science that studies congenital disorders

74
Q

Teratogens are:

A

Substances that cause congenital disorder

75
Q

Effects of Teratogenic agents can cause:

A

Congenital disorders (cyfosis, scoliosis excenceohalia)

Anatomy SF1 (2 decks)

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