placebo

Question 1

what is placebo not subject to

Answer 1

patient’s education levelm socioeconomic state, race, gender or sexuality

Question 2

factors affecting perception of pain

Answer 2

cognition, context, sensitization, emotion, chemical/structural, genetics

Question 3

what controls motivational responses

Answer 3

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 4

influences on pain responses

Answer 4

cognitive and emotional mechanisms influence pain experiences via prefrontal-limbic-brainstem interactions

Question 5

expectancy

Answer 5

associated with dopamine-mediated expectancy reward system. individuals showing strong responses to monetary rewards also showed stronger placebo responses

Question 6

motivation

Answer 6

stronger placebo effects with more invasive treatments; req cognition and interpretation

Question 7

conditioning

Answer 7

prior exposure and associations (largely unconscious)

Question 8

discuss impact of crossover studies

Answer 8

people receive active drug or placebo
initial treatment period followed by washout interval and treatments are switched
how does this impact expectancy, conditioning and motivation