PL1 - The Polyester Story Flashcards
Draw a carboxyl group
How are carboxylic acids named?
From the parent alkane by omitting the final ‘e’ (as the suffic starts with a vowel) and adding the suffix -oic acid
How are side chains on carboxylic acids named?
Counting the carbons from the carboxyl group as this is the highest priotrity group, then naming as in alkanes etc.
How are carboxylic acids containing two carboxyl groups named?
With the suffic -doic acid
Draw an example of a dicarboxylic acid
What is another name for benzoic acid?
Benzene carboxylic acid
What is a phenol?
A hydroxyl group attached to an arene ring
What are ketones + what is their general structure?
Organic compounds with a carbonyl groupattached to any of the inner carbon atoms (not outer)
Have the suffix -one
What are aldehydes and how are they named?
Organic compounds with a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain. (Hydrogen atom bonded to carbonyl group)
Have the suffic -al
Which organic compounds are able to react with strong bases?
Which can’t?
Carboylic acids and phenols
Alcohols cannot
Which organic compounds can react with carbonates and why?
How can you tell the reaction is taking place?
Only carboxylic acids as phenols + alcohols don’t have a high enough concentration of H+ ions
When they react they fizz due to the production of CO2
What type of reaction is the reaction between carboxylic acids and carbonates?
Acid-base
Which organic compounds can react with metals and what is formed?
What type of reaction occurs?
Carboxylic acids, phenols, and alcohols
A salt is formed
It is a redox reaction
What are esters and what is their general formula?
How are they named?
Organic compounds formed from the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol (esterification)
Named by adding -t(h)yl to the name of the alcohol followed by the name of the carboxylic acid with -oate
e.g. Butyl Propanoate, Ethyl Ethanoate
What is often used as a catalyst during esterification and why?
An acid catalyst - concentrated hydrochloric or sulfuric acid
Used as the reaction is otherwise very slow
What type of reaction is esterification?
A condensation reaction
Results in the elimination of a water molecule
What is esterification specifically the result of?
An ester link being formed after the condenstaion reaction of the hydroxyl group in the alcohol and carboxylic acid
What can be said about the progress of the esterification reaction?
It is reversible and eventually comes to equilibrium
How can the yield of esterification be improved?
An excess of alcohol can be added or the water can be distilled off as it forms.
The acid catalyst also absorbs some of the water formed
This helps move the equilibrium position to the right
What is the name of the reverse reaction of esterification?
Ester hydrolysis
What are the properties/uses of esters?
Have strong, sweet smells that are often floral or fruity so are used in flavourings + perfumes.
Many organic compounds dissolve easily in them so they are used as solvents - e.g. in glues.
What is the name of the ester formed from the reaction of phenol and benzoic acid?
Phenyl Benzoate
When writing the formula of an ester, should the acid or alcohol part be written first?
Either can be written first
What two types of reactions can be used to form polymers?
Addition or condensation
What is produced from condensation polymerisation?
A condensation polymer and a small, stable molecule (usually H2O or HCl)
(not strong and stable…)
What is a polyester?
Condensation polymer linked by ester groups
e.g. made from a dicarboxylic acid + alcohol
What is needed for condensation polymerisation?
Monomers with at least two suitable functional groups per molecule
What is needed to make an ester from a phenol and why?
A more vigorous reagent to esterify it e.g. an acid anhydride
Needed as the -OH in phenol is less reactive to esterification than that in an alcohol
What are acid anhydrides and what is the general forumla for them?
Organic compound made of two acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom
Made by remvoing 1 molecule of water from 2 carboxylic acids
What is a diol?
Alcohol with two -OH groups
