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IRM > pk1 Gas Laws and Ventilation > Flashcards

pk1 Gas Laws and Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

How is metabolic rate measured?

A

O2 consumption rate or CO2 production rate.

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2
Q

What is the average basal metabolic rate?

A

250ml/O2/min

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3
Q

What is the daily average metabolic rate?

A

1000ml/O2/min

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4
Q

What is the average metabolic rate during exercise?

A

Up to 3000ml/O2/min

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5
Q

Which value relates the rate of consumption of O2 to the rate of production of CO2?

How is this value calculated?

A

RQ

Vco2/Vo2

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6
Q

What is the RQ of carbohydrate?

A

1.0

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7
Q

What is the RQ of protein?

A

0.81

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8
Q

What is the RQ of fat?

A

0.7

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9
Q

What is the RQ of a well balanced diet?

A

0.8

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10
Q

What is the name given to generation 0?

A

Trachea.

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11
Q

What is the name given to generation 10?

A

Small Bronchi.

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12
Q

What is the name given to generation 14?

A

Bronchioles.

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13
Q

What is the name given to generation 17?

A

Respiratory Bronchioles.

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14
Q

What is the name given to generation 23?

A

Alveolar Sacs.

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15
Q

What is the equation for flow?

A

V. = uA

V = Flow (cm^3/sec)
u = Gas Speed (cm/sec)
A = Total Area (cm^2)
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16
Q

At which generation is gas exchange determined by diffusion rather than convection?

A

Generation 17.

17
Q

Why does gas exchange depend on diffusion rather than convection at late generations?

A

V. = uA

A becomes so large that u is down to the speed of molecular diffusion.

18
Q

Which generations comprise the conducting zone?

Which generations comprise the transitional and respiratory zones?

A

Conducting zone: 0-16

Transitional and respiratory zone: 17-23

19
Q

List 3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion of gases.

A

Partial pressure gradients.

Temperature

Diffusion distance

20
Q

What is Barometric pressure (Pb)?

A

The pressure exerted by the weight of gas molecules in the atmosphere above the point of measurement.

21
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

100kPa

22
Q

How does atmospheric pressure change with altitude?

A

Atmospheric pressure decreases exponentially with altitude.

It halves every 5450m.

23
Q

Which two variables affect partial pressure?

A

1 - The number of molecules of that gas in the given volume.

2 - Temperature.

24
Q

What is the equation for total pressure?

A

P1 + P2 + P3 + … Pn

Where p = partial pressure of any individual gas.

25
Q

Calculate the total atmospheric pressure at sea level. Show the working.

A

Total pressure = PN2 + PO2 + PH2O + PCO2

Total pressure = 74 + 21 + 5 + 0 = 100kPa.

26
Q

What is the equation for partial pressure?

A

Partial pressure = Fractional Concentration * Total Pressure

27
Q

What is dead space?

A

The volume of gas within the respiratory system in which gas exchange does not occur.

Occupied by the conducting zone.

28
Q

Why do we have a conducting zone?

A

It is a result of internalising the lungs.

29
Q

Why might alveolar dead space arise?

A

Because of respiratory diseases.

30
Q

What is the approximate volume of the anatomical dead space of the respiratory system in an adult male?

A

150ml

31
Q

In a healthy person, what is the alveolar dead space?

A

Normally 0ml.

32
Q

What is the physiological dead space?

A

Anatomic Dead Space + Alveolar Dead Space

33
Q

What is the main factor affecting anatomic dead space?

A

The size of the subject.

34
Q

List 2 diseases that can increase alveolar dead space due to under-perfusion of alveoli.

A

1 - Pulmonary hypotension.

2 - Pulmonary embolism.

35
Q

Why does increasing physiological dead space impact adversely on blood oxygenation?

A

Because increasing physiological dead space decreases alveolar ventilation.

This is because air in the dead space does not reach the alveoli.

36
Q

What is the equation for minute ventilation?

A

V.e = Vt * f

Ve = Minute Ventilation
Vt = Tidal Volume
f = Respiratory Frequency (breaths/min)
37
Q

Why is alveolar (useful) ventilation different from minute ventilation?

A

Minute ventilation does not account for the volume of air that does not reach the respiratory zone.

38
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

V.a = (Vt-Vd) x f

V.a = Alveolar Ventilation
Vt = Tidal Volume
Vd = Dead Space Volume
f = Respiratory Frequency (breaths/min)

IRM (21 decks)

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