PK & PD Flashcards
Two major divisions of pharmacology are:
A) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
B) Active transport and diffusion.
C) Biotransformation and elimination.
D) Pharmacognosy and biotransformation.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Which of the following factors is NOT a component of pharmacokinetics?
Question options:
A) Distribution
B) Absorption
C) Binding
D) Biotransformation
C) Binding
___describes the movement of a medication from the site of application into the body and into the extracellular compartment.
Question options:
A) Absorption
B) Diffusion
C) Osmosis
D) Elimination
A) Absorption
Which of the following is NOT a factor in the absorption of a medication?
Question options:
A) Surface area
B) pH of the medication
C) Concentration of the medication
D) Medication potency
D) Medication potency
Which of the following forms of absorption is generally the slowest due to the decreased vascular supply?
Question options:
A) Intramuscular
B) Sublingual
C) Intravenous
D) Subcutaneous
D) Subcutaneous
________ BEST describes the process in which a medication is transported from the site of absorption to the site of action.
Question options:
A) Elimination
B) Diffusion
C) Distribution
D) Active transport
C) Distribution
You are treating a patient who suffers from renal disease and decreased perfusion of the kidneys. What effect will this have on the distribution of a drug that normally acts on kidneys, such as the diuretic medication (“water pill”) Lasix?
Question options:
A) The drug will be present in increased concentrations at the kidneys resulting in toxicity.
B) The drug will most likely be metabolized by the liver resulting in the same effects systemically.
C) As the kidneys are a primary organ of elimination, the effects of the drug will be unchanged.
D) The drug will be poorly delivered to the kidneys due to a decreased perfusion and will not produce the desired results.
D) The drug will be poorly delivered to the kidneys due to a decreased perfusion and will not produce the desired results.
While researching the drug amiodarone, you read that the drug is considered to be highly protein bound upon entering the body. Knowing this, you can deduce that:
Question options:
A) Much of the drug remains active in the bloodstream and only a small percentage is bound in tissues.
B) The drug remains bound to proteins but will slowly release the active component when necessary resulting in a long half-life.
C) The drugs half-life will be relatively short due to the rapid elimination of the free, or unbound, percentage.
D) The drug is largely ineffective when administered by intravenous route.
B) The drug remains bound to proteins but will slowly release the active component when necessary resulting in a long half-life.
The blood-brain barrier is a preventive barrier that prevents MOST ________ medications from reaching the brain.
Question options:
A) Barbiturate
B) Non-ionized, unbound
C) Lipid-soluble
D) Water-soluble
D) Water-soluble
The process by which a medication passing through the liver may partially or completely inactivate many medications is known as:
Question options:
A) Plasma binding effect.
B) Prodrug effect.
C) First-pass effect.
D) Protein reservoir binding.
C) First-pass effect.
A medication’s half-life refers to the:
Question options:
A) Removal of a medication from the body.
B) Dose required to be therapeutic.
C) Concentration of a drug.
D) Time required for the total dose of a medication to be decreased by one-half.
D) Time required for the total dose of a medication to be decreased by one-half.
________ is the length of time that a medication concentration is sufficient in the blood to produce a therapeutic response.
Question options:
A) Efficacy
B) Half-life
C) Duration of action
D) Affinity
C) Duration of action
Which of the following is the MOST common way that medications exert their actions?
Question options:
A) Altering the normal metabolic pathway.
B) Chemically combining with another chemical.
C) Receptor site binding.
D) Changing the physical properties of a cell.
C) Receptor site binding.
________ is the relative amount of a medication required to produce a desired response.
Question options:
A) Antagonism
B) Potency
C) Therapeutic threshold
D) Efficacy
B) Potency
If a drug exceeds its therapeutic index, the drug will:
Question options:
A) Be present in the minimal level and may not cause the desired response.
B) Cause the desired response.
C) Not have any effect on the patient.
D) Be toxic to the patient.
D) Be toxic to the patient.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding medication administration to the children and elderly?
Question options:
A) Pediatric patients have well developed livers, while elderly patients suffer from decreased liver function.
B) Liver and kidney functions in both populations are altered leaving both susceptible to altered medication responses.
C) Doses need to be significantly higher in both populations to produce the desired effect due to decreased liver functions.
D) Both populations should be treated the same as all patients as the therapeutic index does not change.
B) Liver and kidney functions in both populations are altered leaving both susceptible to altered medication responses.
A drug in which potential tax credits or grants may provide incentives to assist in the research and development for a condition that affects a very small portion of the general population is known as a/an ________. These are also often granted “fast track” approvals.
orphan drugs
The ________ included the truth in labeling clause which would require manufacturers to post a statement accurately describing a package’s content.
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
While checking the medications in your unit’s drug box, you identify the medication, “meperidine hydrochloride, USP”. You recognize this as the drugs:
Official name
A drug’s ability to cause the expected response is its:
efficacy
Drug legislation passed in the United States in 1906 to protect the public from adulterated or mislabeled drugs was the:
pure food and drug act
What category indicates that harm has been done to fetuses in animal studies but there are no available studies in human
Category X
An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once its inside the body
Prodrug
The Six rights
- Right Drug
- Right Dose
- Right time
- Right Route and Form
- Right Patient
- Right Documentation
Fastest route to absorption for medication
Lipid, Elixirs, Syrups
Slowest route of absorption for medication
Enteric coated tablets
Two drugs administered together interact in such a way that their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effects for each drug given alone
Synergistic
Drugs that can cause birth defects
substance that interferes with the normal development of a fetus
Teratogen
lowest blood level of a drug
Trough
the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
Peak
Time required for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
Onset
All of these are examples of what?
SR,SA,CR,XL,XT
Extended Release formulations
DO NOT CRUSH THESE DRUGS
Liquid medications administered into the body through intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous are known as:
Parenteral Medications
After determining that your patient has overdosed on a narcotic medication causing a decreased respiratory drive, you administer the medication, Naloxone that opposes the effects of the narcotic increasing the respiratory drive. This is an example of:
anatagonism
Examples of synthetically produced medications include:
diazepam, fentanyl, and adenosine
Place where drugs tend to accumulate and are stored
Ex: fat tissue, bone
Depot
A structure that limits or prevents diffusion of drugs
Barrier
Organ most responsible for the metabolism
The liver
Primary organ responsible for kidney
Excretion
