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Question 1

How are the systemic and pulmonary circulation linked?

Answer 1

In series

Question 2

How is the systemic circulation and the arterial circuts connected?

Answer 2

In parallel

Question 3

What is the blood volume called in veins? Arteries?

Answer 3

veins: Unstressed volume
(bc it isn’t under high stress)

Arteries Stressed volume (bc it is under high stress)

Question 4

What is laminar flow? What layer is the fastest?

Answer 4

The flow of blood in layers

Fastest: In the center and immobile at the walls

Question 5

What is turbulent flow?

Answer 5

When velocity is high and blood flows through a narrow opening (مطبات هوائية)

Question 6

What does turbulence do to resistance to flow?

Answer 6

Increases it

(makes sense like flying smoothly in an airplane then turbulence all of a sudden)

Question 7

What are cardiac murmurs and bruits?

Answer 7

cardiac murmurs: Sounds of turbulent flow through valves or backflow (remember ossculation)

bruits: Turbulent flow in periphral arteries due to atherosclerotic plaque or narrowed large arteries

Question 8

What does Reynolds number predict? What is the formula?

Answer 8

Turbulence in blood flow

Formula: Re = pDV/n

ρ density of fluid
D diameter of the tube
V is velocity flow
η is viscosity of the fluid.

(Remember renold regins)

Question 9

What is the law of laplace?

Answer 9

T= (pi-po) x r

Po= pressure compressing the vessel (bc initally it is compressed)

Pi= pressure streching the vessel (bc finally it is streched)

(The palace gets a lot of attention and it has a large radius and atmospheric pressure acts on it and a lot of people are inside so pi)

Question 10

What is the law of laplace in spherical vessels?

Answer 10

T=p x r/2

(bc s looks like 2)

(bc the palace is big and long, not just big)

Question 11

What is the formula for wall stress? (σ)

Answer 11

(σ) = Pxr/wt

wt= wall thickness

Question 12

What is aneurysm?

Answer 12

The weaking of the wall of blood vessel and increasing in radius, which thins out the walls, which causes more tension and stress.

Question 13

What is the difference between the Flow rate and Velocity?

Answer 13

Flow rate How much blood is flowing at a certain time.

Velocity How fast the blood is flowing

Question 14

What is the formula for velocity and flow rate?

Answer 14

V= Flow rate/ cross-sectional area

Q= Volume/time

Question 15

what is the equation for Flow rate (Q) with resistance and pressure gradient? What is another name for flow rate in this case?

Answer 15

Q= ΔP/R

ΔP=
Mean arterial pressure - Right arterial pressure

(Flow rate = Cardiac output)

Question 16

What is the equation for mean cardiac output in systemic circulation?

Answer 16

…………………………………………………………………………
(MAP - right arterial pressure)/ Total periphral resistance

Map = Pressure in the aorta

Right arterial p = P2

TPR = Resistance caused by vasoconstriction or dilation

Question 17

What is the Systemic and pulmonary pressure gradient formulas? ΔP

Answer 17

Systemic: arterial pressure – right atrial pressure

Pulmonary: Pulmonary arterial pressure – left atrial pressure

Question 18

What is the formula for resistance to flow in both pulmonary and systemic circulations?

Answer 18

Systemic: 100 mmHg / CO

Pulmonary: 15 mmHg / CO

Question 19

Which has higher resistance, pulmonary or systemic circulation? Why? What is the ratio of Systemic to pulmonary?

Answer 19

Higher: Systemic (bc it pumps blood to the entire body)

Ratio: 1/7

Question 20

What is poiseuille’s law?

Answer 20

R = (8ηl) / (pi r^4)

η = viscosity of blood

l = length of blood vessel

r= radius of blood vessel

(like pause so and weird just like the formula)

Question 21

What is poiseuille’s law flow formula?

Answer 21

F= ((Pa -Pb) x (π) x r^4)/ (8ηL)

Question 22

What is the formula for resistance in parallel and series?

Answer 22

Parallel: 1/R = 1/R + 1/R..

Series: R = R + R + R……