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PJM Flashcards

1
Q

Transmission Owners are required to provide notice of all transmission
outages:

A

Prior to the first day of the month, preceding the month of the outage

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2
Q

Provide notice of all hotline transmission work, five days or less, by 0800 three days prior to the start of the outage (345kV and above)

Starting March 16th. When does it need submitted by to be on time?

A

Hotline work starting on March 16th must be submitted by
07:59 on March 13th to be on time

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3
Q

1-Month Rule: Transmission Owners are required to Provide notice of all transmission outages, five days or less, prior to the
first day of the month preceding the month of the outage.

5 Day outage starting in June, when must it be submitted to be on time?

A

A 5-day outage starting in June must be submitted by
23:59 on April 31 to be on time

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4
Q

6-Month Rule: The TO is required to Submit all outage requests in excess of 5 days in duration, prior to the 1st of the
month, six months in advance of the start of the outage.

6 Day outage starting in October, when must it be submitted to be on time?

A

6-day outage begins in October, the outage must be submitted by 23:59
on March 31 to be on time

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5
Q

30-Day Rule: Outages scheduled for the following Planning year (i.e. June 1 – May 31), exceeding 30 days Submitted via eDART prior to February 1 for use in the annual FTR auction,
unless the 6-month rule is more restrictive.

An outage greater than 30 days starts in September. It must be submitted by:

A

6-month rule: Must be submitted by February 29 @ 23:59

30-day rule: Must be submitted by January 31 @ 23:59

‒ Since the 30-day rule is more conservative, it applies

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6
Q

An outage greater than 30 days starts in July. It must be submitted by?

A

6 month rule: December 31 of the year prior @ 2359

30 day rule: January 31 @ 2359

‒ Since the 6 month rule is more conservative, it applies

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7
Q

eDART:
Creating a New Transmission Outage Ticket - Business Rules
Ticket must be submitted a minimum how many days in advance of start date?

A

3 Business days. Unless Emergency

Emergency: Outage due to equipment problem or tripping and must be
taken immediately
‒ 3 day notice NOT required for emergency job

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8
Q

eDART: Vegetation Trip

If outage was a tripping caused by tree contact, this
checkbox must be checked. What else needs to be reported?

A

Needs to be reported to NERC

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9
Q

eDART: Color Coding

Congestion Expected Flag

A

RED

PJM will check this flag
when a studied outage
causes the potential for
off-cost operation

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10
Q

eDART: Color Coding

Conflict Flag

A

Orange

If an outage is submitted violating a scenario, immediate feedback on impacted previously submitted tickets will be provided.

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11
Q

eDART: Color Coding

EMS Tripping Tickets

A

Yellow

Tripped equipment (from PJM EMS) automatically creates an eDART outage ticket.
All equipment 115kV and above.

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12
Q

eDART: Color Coding

“System Impact” Flag

A

Magenta

Allows the reliability engineers to pre-screen outages based on known impacts to
generation, thermal overloads, voltage violations, stability restrictions, etc.
before studying the outage.

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13
Q

eDART: Color Coding

Potentially Incomplete Flag

A

Lavendar / Light Purple

Added to transmission outage tickets to flag tickets that may need further
review by PJM

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14
Q

eDART: Color Coding

Soon to be In-Service Flag

A

Mint Green

To be Put in Service Soon

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15
Q

eDART: Color Coding

Soon to be Retired Flag

A

Blue

To be retired from system soon

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16
Q

What type of system is where current lags voltage?

A

Inductive

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17
Q

What type of Configuration uses a neutral connection?

A

Delta-Wye

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18
Q

What type of communications must you have at the primary and back-up control centers?

A

Satellite Phones

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19
Q

What is the maximum amount of time allowed to transfer from the primary control center to the back-up control center?

A

2 Hours

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20
Q

If the operator loses communication from the system for longer than 30 minutes, what is the maximum amount of time the operator must notify PJM of the communication loss?

A

60 minutes

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21
Q

If communication from the system is down, how often must the operator update PJM?

A

30 minutes

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22
Q

How long do you have to preform an IROL Load Dump Action?

A

5 Minutes

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23
Q

A Relays ability to see all the faults within its zones is best described as?

A

Sensitivity

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24
Q

You are in system restoration and have black start capability throughout your region and have received word that your neighboring utility also was affected but they remained party connected but their system is unstable. What system restoration method should you use?

A

Bottom Up

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25
Q

If a transmission outage will last more than 5 days, when must the outage ticket request be submitted?

A

6 months prior to the outage

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26
Q

What is the normal operating Frequency?

A

59.75-61 Hz

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27
Q

What happens to the current and voltage flow when there is a fault?

A

Current Flow increases, voltage flow Decreases

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28
Q

Black Start Unit Requirements, what percentage is required for black start units?

A

110%

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29
Q

During Restoration, operate so that reasonable voltage profiles are maintained. What are the percentages that are considered normal during restoration?

A

90-105% nominal

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30
Q

Shunt capacitors are removed until sufficient load has been restored to prevent high voltage. What is the percent of load that is considered sufficient?

A

40%

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31
Q

To restore system frequency 1 hz, what is the percentage of load that needs to be shed?

A

6-10%

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32
Q

Do not restore blocks of load that exceed ___ of the total synchronized generating capability.

A

5%

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33
Q

Dynamic Reserve Rule of thumb for generation:
Steam = ?
CT = ?
Hydro = ?

A

steam is 5%
CT is 25%
Hydro is 15 %

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34
Q

When does PJM issue a EEA 1?

A

Max Gen. Emergency Alert

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35
Q

When does PJM issue EEA 2?

A

Emergency Mandatory Load Management Reductions Action, a Voltage Reduction Action, or a Deploy All Resources Action (which ever issued first)

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36
Q

When does PJM issue EEA3?

A

Manual Load Dump Action

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37
Q

Conditions which may trigger PJM to implement Conservative Ops are?

A

Fuel Delivery issues, forest or brush fires, Enviromental Alerts, Bad Weather, GMDs, High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse, Terrorism or sabotage, actual attacks, and PJM entering “unknown” state

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38
Q

If the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issues a
warning or an alert for a potential geo-magnetic storm of severity K7 or
greater, PJM will?

A

provide notification via the All-Call system and Emergency
Procedure Posting Application

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39
Q

Cold Weather Alert Trigger

A

When the forecasted weather conditions approach
minimum or actual temperatures for a Control Zone
fall near or below 10 degrees Fahrenheit
AND/OR
‒ At higher temperatures if increased winds are anticipated
AND/OR
‒ Expected spot market gas curtailments during load pick-up periods

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40
Q

Hot Weather Alert Trigger

A

Trigger: When the forecasted maximum or actual temperature for a
Transmission zone is at or above 90 degrees* Fahrenheit, with high
humidity, for multiple days

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41
Q

Magenta eDART flag:
ticket listed as Unavailable and SE MVAR is not 0

A

Condition:
Whenever eDART identifies a facility as unavailable, but the PJM EMS SE MVAR output which would indicate that the facility is in-service

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42
Q

Orange eDART Flag
Mismatch between eDART AVR and EMS AVR

A

Conditions:
Whenever an eDART AVR ticket exists, but the PJM EMS has the AVR in AUTO (automatic) mode.
Whenever no eDART AVR ticket exists, but the PJM EMS has the AVR in Manual mode.

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43
Q

Yellow eDART Flag
Future or Retired Equipment

A

Conditions:
Whenever a facility is marked as retired in the eDART database.
Whenever a facility is marked as future in the eDART database

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44
Q

Unit Start Up Notification Alert Trigger

A

When a reliability assessment determines that long lead time generation is
needed for a future period

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45
Q

Max Gen / Load Management Alert Trigger

A

Operating Reserve Requirement* is greater
than scheduled Operating Reserve

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46
Q

Primary Reserve Alert Trigger

A

When the estimated operating
reserve is less than the forecasted
primary reserve requirement.

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47
Q

Voltage Reduction Alert Trigger

A

When the estimated operating reserve capacity
is less than the forecasted synchronized reserve
requirement

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48
Q

Primary Reserve Warning Trigger

A

Primary Reserve is less than Primary Reserve Requirement but greater than
Synchronized Reserve Requirement

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49
Q

Voltage Reduction Warning Trigger

A

Synchronized Reserves are less than the Synchronized Reserve Requirement and present
operations may require a voltage reduction

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50
Q

Manual Load Dump Warning Trigger

A

When the Primary Reserve is less than the largest operating generating unit, or the loss of a transmission
facility jeopardizes reliability after all possible measures have been taken to increase reserves.

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51
Q

Manual Load Dump Warning & Curtailment of non-essential building load Trigger

A

In anticipation or activation of Voltage Reduction Action

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52
Q

Maximum Generation Emergency Action Trigger

A

Real-time Generation is needed to meet the load demand that is greater than the highest incremental cost level

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53
Q

Emergency Voluntary Energy Only Demand Response Reduction Action Trigger

A

Additional load relief is still needed

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54
Q

Deploy All Resources Action Trigger

A

When unplanned events such as the loss of a transmission or generating facility have resulted in reliable
operations being jeopardized

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55
Q

Voltage Reduction Action Trigger

A

Load relief still needed to maintain ties

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56
Q

Manual Load Dump Action Trigger

A

To shed firm load When the PJM RTO cannot provide adequate capacity

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57
Q

If High Voltage limit is exceeded, post contingency, what can you do, to return the line below limit and how long do you have?

A

Use all effective non-cost actions, return line below limits within 30 minutes.

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58
Q

If Emergency Low Voltage limit is exceeded, post contingency, what can you do to return the line safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Use all effective non-cost actions, off-cost actions, and emergency procedures except load dump, within 15 minutes, load shed is not used.

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59
Q

If Load Dump Low voltage limit is exceeded, post contingency how long do you have?

A

5 minutes.

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60
Q

If ACTUAL High voltage limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Use all effective non-cost and off-cost actions, and within 15 minutes

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61
Q

If ACTUAL Normal low limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Use all effective non-cost actions, off-cost actions, and emergency procedures except load dump, within 15 minutes, load shed is not used.

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62
Q

If ACTUAL Emergency Low limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Use all effective non-cost actions, off-cost actions, emergency procedures, and load shed directive if voltages are decaying, within 5 minutes.

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63
Q

If ACTUAL Load Dump Low limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Use all effective non-cost actions, off-cost actions, emergency procedures, and Load Shed directive if analysis indicates potential for voltage collapse, immediate response

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64
Q

If ACTUAL Pre-Contingency Transfer limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Use all effective non-cost actions, off-cost actions, emergency procedures, and Load Shed directive if analysis indicates potential for voltage collapse, 15 minutes or less depending on the severity.

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65
Q

Transmission Line Charging

500 kV Line. What is the charging MVAR/Mile?

A

1.70

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66
Q

Transmission Line Charging
345 kV Line. What is the charging MVAR/Mile?

A

0.800

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67
Q

Transmission Line Charging
230 kV Line. What is the charging MVAR/Mile?

A

0.300

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68
Q

Transmission Line Charging
115/138 kV Line. What is the charging MVAR/Mile?

A

0.100

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69
Q

If ACTUAL Normal Rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Non-cost actions, off-cost actions, and emergency procedures except load shed directive, within 15 minutes of exceedance, load shed is not used.

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70
Q

If ACTUAL Emergency Rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Non-cost actions, off-cost actions, emergency procedures, and load shed directive to control flow below emergency rating, within 15 minutes of exceedance.

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71
Q

If ACTUAL Load Dump Rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Non-cost actions, off-cost actions, emergency procedures, and load shed directive to control flow below emergency rating, within 5 minutes of exceedance.

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72
Q

If POST CONTINGENCY Normal rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Trend - Continue to monitor. Take non-cost actions to prevent contingency from exceeding emergency limit. Time to correct, N/A

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73
Q

If POST CONTINGENCY Emergency rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Use all effective actions and emergency procedures except load shed directive, within 30 minutes.

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74
Q

If POST CONTINGENCY Load Dump rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?

A

Use all effective actions and emergency procedures, including load shed directive if analysis indicates potential for post-contingency cascading, 30 Minutes

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75
Q

For the loss of a line flowing towards the station the other lines flowing towards station will increase while the lines flowing out of the station do what?

A

Lines flowing out of the station will decrease

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76
Q

For the loss of a line flowing out of the station, the other lines flowing out of the station will increase while the lines flowing towards the station will do what?

A

Lines flowing towards the station will decrease

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77
Q

What is the name of the relay # 21?

A

Distance Relay

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78
Q

What is the name of the relay # 25?

A

Synchronizing or Sync check

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79
Q

What is the name of the relay # 27?

A

Under Voltage Relay

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80
Q

What is the name of the relay # 32?

A

Directional Power Relay

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81
Q

What is the name of the relay # 40?

A

Field (over/under Excitation) Relay

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82
Q

What is the name of the relay # 50?

A

Instantaneous Overcurrent relay

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83
Q

What is the name of the relay # 51?

A

AC Time Overcurrent Relay

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84
Q

What is the name of the relay # 59?

A

Overvoltage Relay

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85
Q

What is the name of the relay # 67?

A

AC Directional Overcurrent Relay

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86
Q

What is the name of the relay # 86?

A

Lockout Relay

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87
Q

What is the name of the relay # 87?

A

Differential Protective Relay

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88
Q

When available primary reserve capacity on a system is less than the largest operating generator, or the loss of a transmission facility jeopardizes reliable operations, PJM should issue a?

A

Manual Load Dump Warning

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89
Q

During system restoration, one means of keeping frequency above 59.5 is to activate what?

A

Synchronized Reserves

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90
Q

Companies can request info on outages of facilities that they do not own but affect their system. Which mechanism would they use to request this information?

A

eDART

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91
Q

During a system restoration how often should a member transmission company file an updated restoration report?

A

Every 30 minutes or after 10 lines restored

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92
Q

The ability of a generator or a group of generators to remain in synchronism immediately following a sudden, large system disturbance defines:

A

Transient Stability

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93
Q

Operation at a load dump rating should not result in any facility tripping when actually loaded at that value for at least how many minutes?

A

15 minutes

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94
Q

You wish to schedule a 45-day transmission outage starting November 24th. By what date must the outage be submitted to be considered on time?

A

January 31st

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95
Q

Isochronous Control refers to a governor droop setting of?

A

0%

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96
Q

When an alarm indicates the 138kV voltage has fallen below the emergency low limit, TSO should take action within ___ Minutes?

A

5 Minutes

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97
Q

What is TERM?

A

Transmission Equipment Ratings Monitor

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98
Q

Any adjustment to facility ratings, such as the temporary use of a different rating, must be approved by PJM. These changes must be submitted to PJM through what?

A

TERM

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99
Q

All transmission outages will be posted on?

A

OASIS

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100
Q

Synchronized Reserve Reliability requirement is?

A

Largest Single Contingency

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101
Q

Primary Reserve Reliability Requirement is?

A

150% of synchronized reserve

102
Q

When does PJM issue an Advisory?

A

one or more days in advance of the operating day. General in nature and for elevated awareness only, no preparations required.

103
Q

When does PJM issue an Alert?

A

issued one or more days in advance of the operating day for elevated awareness and to give time for advanced preparations

104
Q

When does PJM issue a Warning?

A

issued in real-time, typically preceding, and with an estimated time/window for a potential future action.

105
Q

When does PJM issue an Action?

A

issued in real-time and requires PJM and/or Member Response

106
Q

What is the purpose of the Maximum Generation Emergency/ Load Management Alert?

A

To provide an early alert that system conditions may require the use of the PJM emergency procedures. It is
implemented when Maximum Emergency generation is called into the operating capacity or if
Demand Response is projected to be implemented.

107
Q

What is the purpose of the Primary Reserve Alert?

A

To alert members of the anticipated shortage of operating reserve capacity for a future critical period. It is implemented when estimated operating reserve capacity is less than the forecasted primary reserve requirement.

108
Q

When is a Voltage Reduction Alert implemented?

A

It is implemented when the estimated operating reserve capacity is less than the forecasted synchronized reserve requirement.

109
Q

What are the time frames for Pre-Emergency and Emergency Load Management Reduction?

A

30, 60, and 120 minutes

110
Q

What is the purpose of the Max Gen Emergency Action?

A

to increase the PJM RTO generation above the maximum economic level

111
Q

When is Manual Load Dump Warning Issued/

A

It is issued when available primary reserve capacity is less than the largest operating generator or the loss of a
transmission facility jeopardizes reliable operations after all other possible measures are taken
to increase reserve.

112
Q

What is the purpose of the Min. Gen Advisory?

A

The purpose of the Minimum Generation Advisory/Alert is to provide an early alert that system
conditions may require the use of the PJM Emergency Procedures. They are implemented
when the expected generation level is within 2,500 MW of normal minimum energy limits.

113
Q

What is the 30-minute Reserve?

A

Greater of (Primary Reserve Reliability Requirement, 3000 MW or largest Active Gas contingency)

Conditions for increased 30 min reserve: If PJM forecasts a natural gas pipeline contingency, If there is operational uncertainty, If there is a Hot or Cold Weather Alert, If there are escalating emergency procedures, and If there are anticipated reserve deliverability issues.

114
Q

Western Control Zone UFLS settings are?

A

59.5, 59.3, 59.1, 58.9, and 58.7 Hz @ 5% increments

115
Q

In cases where a Data Point ID fails for an extended period of time, the power system operator will manually update the value?

A

Every 30 minutes

116
Q

Black start units have to re-energize a dead bus in how long?

A

3 hours

117
Q

PJM Critical loads are?

A

Nuke safe shutdown, Hot steam units that just came offline recently, and gas infrastructure

118
Q

If an EHV line is loaded above its SIL, the line is considered to be a?

A

VAR load

119
Q

A lagging generator does what?

A

Laggy Maggy puts out, or produces VARs

120
Q

RRC consists of?

A

Unit reserves, Capacitor and Reactor reserves, and lagging MVAR reserves

121
Q

During System restoration, shunt capacitor banks are removed from service to prevent what?

A

High Voltage

122
Q

How long does an operator have to correct actual voltages BELOW the emergency voltage limit but ABOVE the load dump limit?

A

5 Minutes

123
Q

What alarm might be caused by a GMD?

A

Unbalanced neutral relay operation

124
Q

After a loss of telemetry, the operator may be requested to update info how often?

A

30 minutes

125
Q

Two TOs interconnect together during a system restoration. TO A has restored 600 MWs of Load. TO B has restored 2000 MWs of load. Following the interconnection what will occur?

A

one TO will control tie line flow and the other will control frequency

126
Q

What Reserves are monitored during system restoration?

A

Synchronized Reserves and Dynamic Reserves

127
Q

When ordered, a 5% voltage reduction should be taken on?

A

Distribution System

128
Q

The PJM system is operated such that the contingency flow is less than the?

A

Emergency Rating

129
Q

When available primary reserve capacity on a system is less than the largest operating generator, or the loss of a transmission facility jeopardizes reliable operations, PJM should issue a:

A

Manual Load Dump Warning

130
Q

What action would be used FIRST to control a reactive transfer limit violation?

A

Load Off-cost Generation

131
Q

When thunderstorms are in the vicinity of a critical bulk power transmission facility, the system operator should:

A

Ensure Automatic reclosing in service

132
Q

An islanded system has a load of 3000 MW. To increase frequency by 1 Hz, how much load should be shed?

A

180 MW

133
Q

Increased load on a circuit causes lower voltage at the remote end. What will increase this voltage?

A

Raise the Stepdown transformer tap position

134
Q

What factors are used in forecasting load?

A

Weather Forecast, historical load data, and historical weather data

135
Q

A real time security analysis contingency or actual overload is reported to who, and how long?

A

Immediately communicated to PJM transmission dispatcher

136
Q

the minimum source requirements for voltage control are?

A

Generation capacity of 30 MW/mile of 500 kV line to be connected
20 MW load/mile of 500 kV line to be connected

137
Q

What are Two Reasons why opening a pre-studied EHV line has a positive effect in reducing system voltages

A

Eliminates the capacitance charging of the line
Increases MW flow on other EHV lines, thereby reducing their MVAR output

138
Q

During system restoration, an island requires 400 MW of dynamic reserve. The maximum
load allowed with underfrequency relay protection enabled that can be counted as dynamic
reserve is:

A

200 MW

139
Q

What is the surge impedance loading on a typical 500 kV line and line charging per MVAR/MILE?

A

850 MW and 1.7

140
Q

During system restoration, frequency has decayed for an islanded system to 59.05 Hz and is
decaying rapidly. The operator should:

A

Immediately shed load to recover the frequency

141
Q

If inclement weather postpones the start of a planned outage, the outage will

A

Retain its status and priority as a planned outage

142
Q

In the event of a heavy load voltage schedule, actions to increase voltage should be taken, when?

A

Prior to most of the load coming in for the operating period

143
Q

What one-way communication system is used to disseminate information to local control
centers?

A

All- Call

144
Q

If a member detects or suspects actual or attempted sabotage on the bulk power system,
they should?

A

Notify PJM immediately and Notify DOE within one hour of

145
Q

Manual Load Dump for capacity shortages is initiated

A

Only in Control zones with a deficient energy position

146
Q

During system restoration, one means of keeping frequency above 59.5 Hz is to activate

A

Synchronized Reserves

147
Q

Lightly loaded lines act as?

A

a Var Source (capacitive)

148
Q

Heavily loaded lines act as?

A

Absorb Vars (inductive)

149
Q

During System restoration the following steps are taken by PJM, TOs, and GOs:

A
  • Perform a system assessment to determine extent of outage
  • Start Black Start units to form islands
  • Build cranking paths to other generating units, nuclear stations and critical gas facilities
  • Restore critical load as defined in Attachment A
  • Synchronize and interconnect islands to form larger islands
  • Connect to outside areas
  • Return to normal operations
150
Q

During System restoration each area or sub-system carries enough ________ to cover its largest single contingency.

A

Synchronous reserves

151
Q

Generations Minimum Source Requirements are:

A

600 MW of electrically close generation connected 230 kV or higher.
Electrically Close is less than 50 230 kV miles.
Minimum of 30 MW of generation (capacity) per mile of energized 500/765 kV

152
Q

Load Minimum Source Requirements:

A

Minimum of 20 MW of load per mile of energized 500 / 765 kV line

153
Q

If the results of an EMS Security Analysis for PJM and a Transmission Owner are different, how is this issue handled?

A

Use the most conservative result until the issue is resolved

154
Q

An island has been established with 500MW of load. Frequency on the island has dropped to 58.50 and no additional generation is available. How much load shed is needed to return frequency to 60Hz

A

45 MW

155
Q

What is an Operators response to a Heavy Load Voltage Schedule?

A

Place Capacitors in Service

156
Q

What is the regulation requirement during restoration?

A

2% of actual area load

157
Q

What are the 2 types of Reserves during restoration?

A

Spinning and Dynamic

158
Q

During light load periods, Voltage and Frequency normally run?

A

Frequency High and Voltage High

159
Q

There is currently 925MW on a specific 500Kv line. What is happening regarding Mvar’s?

A

Absorbing Mvars because it is above SIL

160
Q

If a 500Kv station RTU in inoperable, how often must the required data be sent to PJM?

A

Every 30 Minutes

161
Q

The Load dump rating is what % of the Short term emergency rating?

A

115%

162
Q

During restoration, Transmission Owners must provide what when energizing a 500Kv line:

A

Adequate Fault Protection, Capacitor Support, and VAR absorption capability

163
Q

Operation at a load dump rating should not result in any facility tripping when actually loaded at that value for at least how many minutes?

A

15 minutes

164
Q

PJM operates the system such that no monitored facility will violate what limit on a continuous basis?

A

Normal

165
Q

Pre-contingency actions are used to control Post-contingency operations so as not to exceed what rating?

A

Emergency

166
Q

During high voltage conditions, opening an EHV circuit has a positive effect in reducing system voltages for 2 reasons:

A

Increases losses on the rest of the EHV System and eliminates the capacitive charging on the line.

167
Q

The single Regulation Requirement for the PJM RTO is equal to:

A

1% of the forecast peak load for the day

168
Q

A unit is considered resource limited when it can not run at full load for how many hours?

A

72 Hours

169
Q

A unit that is considered resource limited may be removed from dispatch and placed into what category:

A

Maximum Emergency Generation

170
Q

After a Hot Weather Alert is issued by PJM, a gas fired CT with less than how many hours at full load would be considered resource limited?

A

8 Hours

171
Q

Full Emergency Load Response (Long Lead Time) must be obtained in what time frame after issuance by PJM?

A

Within 1-2 Hours

172
Q

PJM Load Curtailment Programs may be used to assist adjacent Control Areas in Emergency situations. True or False

A

False

173
Q

At the issuance of a Load Dump Action, regulating units must not suspend their regulating capability True or False

A

False

174
Q

A Post Contingency Local Load Relief Warning is issued to Members how?

A

Phone or Email

175
Q

PJM schedules enough Contingency Reserves to satisfy the RFC requirements. The reserve requirements includes all but which of the following:

A

2% of forecasted area load

176
Q

The purpose of Maximum Emergency Generation is to increase the PJM RTO generation to what point?

A

Maximum Economic Level

177
Q

Which Member action is performed after a Primary Reserve Warning is issued:

A

Ensure all deferrable maintenance or testing is halted

178
Q

Generation Dispatchers will suspend regulation on units when what is issued by PJM?

A

Maximum Emergency Generation Action

179
Q

Which of the following would PJM NOT do to assist a Generation deficient adjacent Control Area?

A

Shed Load

180
Q

Fuel Limited Resources during the issuance of a Cold/Hot Weather Alert may be placed into what Category by PJM?

A

Maximum Emergency Generation

181
Q

Upon confirmation of SMD activity on the PJM system, PJM dispatchers will begin to operate the system to the:

A

Geomagnetic disturbance transfer Limits

182
Q

During a Cold Weather Alert, a steam unit with less than 32 hours must be bid into what category?

A

Max Emergency Category

183
Q

If an under frequency operation has occurred and manual load shed is needed to arrest the declining frequency, what minimum frequency is the Operator trying to return the frequency to?

A

59.75

184
Q

Generator Automatic Voltage Regulator should be placed in service ASAP to reduce charging current when energizing circuits. True or False

A

True

185
Q

During Restoration, what type of Reserve must be sufficient to allow the system to survive a frequency deviation due to the loss of the largest energy contingency

A

Dynamic Reserves

186
Q

Synchronous Reserve may consist of what?

A

Generation that can be loaded within 10 minutes and load that can be dropped within 10 minutes

187
Q

After loss of AC power to the battery charger, DC equipment, such as, breakers, relays, RTU’s, etc. may become inoperative when voltages reach what percentage of nominal?

A

80

188
Q

As Voltage applied to a Capacitor decreases, MVARs supplied to the system:

A

Decreases

189
Q

A transmission facility is found to be loaded above its short term emergency limit, how long does an operator have to correct the problem?

A

15 minutes

190
Q

A 500kV line have 700MW currently flowing on it. What is happening with respect to MVARs?

A

Providing MVARs, below SIL

191
Q

PJM operates so that no single facility failure will cause other facilities to exceed what limit?

A

Emergency

192
Q

PJM controls to what % voltage drop for reactive transfers?

A

5%

193
Q

What is an operator response to PJM issuing a Primary Reserve Alert?

A

Defer or cancel maintenance or testing

194
Q

RRC Check. What do you add up to get your capacitor and reactor totals?

A

Caps not in service and Reactors in service, add up to get your total RRC in a table

195
Q

Ambient Temperature ratings. What are the 8 temperature ratings?

A

95, 86, 77, 68, 59, 50, 41, and 32

196
Q

Who is responsible for determining the amount of black start generation required in a transmission zone?

A

PJM

197
Q

For Double Tower contingencies, if a transmission owner wishes to operate to control for double circuit tower line contingencies, it may do so using its own internal equipment after communicating with the PJM dispatcher. True or False

A

True

198
Q

How many TDLs (temperature dependent limits) does PJM have?

A

16…… 8 total, 8 at night and 8 during the day

199
Q

This System Restoration method allows for the restoration of several areas of the system at the same time while you are reliant on your neighbor’s ability to supply power with system stability due to being connected to the Eastern Interconnection

A

Top Down Method

200
Q

Two islands are preparing to synchronize.
Island A’s largest contingency is 1100MW.
Island B’s largest contingency is 1400MW.
What are the required reserves AFTER the two islands synchronize.

A

1400 MWs

201
Q

For a Generator to qualify to supply regulation in the PJM Regulation Market, it must be able to respond and attain its desired output within _____ Mins.

A

5 minutes

202
Q

The greater the voltage drop or rise between 2 locations – the greater the _______ flow.

A

MVARs

203
Q

Your system has suffered a complete blackout. You receive information that your neighboring systems are unaffected and still connected to the Eastern Interconnection. You have a very large system with a critical load center including a nuclear plant in the electrical center of your system. You have black-start capable generation strategically placed throughout your system. What method should you use?

A

Combination

204
Q

Operation AT a load dump rating should not result in any facility tripping when actually loaded at that value for at least how many minutes?

A

15 minutes

205
Q

If your Tie-line was scheduled to give you 350 MW and only gives you 150 MW, what happens to your ACE and frequency?

A

ACE decreases, Frequency Decreases

206
Q

Planned ICCP link outages during summer peak loads:

A

Should be avoided

207
Q

How are directives issued?

A

Phone call and All Call

208
Q

What type of warning is issued if available synchronized reserves are less than the synchronized reserve requirements?

A

Voltage Reduction Warning

209
Q

After an initial contingency, if flow is heavy and temperatures are high, a non-solved contingency on the state estimator may indicate a:

A

Possible Local System Collapse

210
Q

In a permissive over-reaching protective relay scheme, the term “Permissive” refers to:

A

The receipt of a telecommunications signal from the opposite line terminal

211
Q

Increased load on a circuit causes lower voltage at the remote end. Which of the following will increase this voltage?

A

Raise the stepdown transformer tap position

212
Q

When available primary reserve capacity on a system is less than the largest operating generator, or the loss of a transmission facility jeopardizes reliable operations, PJM should issue a:

A

Manual load dump warning

213
Q

During a System Restoration Event, How much electrically close generation would you need to be connected to 230 kV or higher?

A

600MWs

214
Q

Which of the following actions would be used FIRST to control a reactive transfer limit violation?

A

Load Offcost Generation

215
Q

This type of capacity alert is issued when the estimated operating reserve capacity is less than the forecasted synchronized requirement

A

Voltage Reduction Alert

216
Q

The ability of a generator or a group of generators to remain in synchronism immediately following a sudden, large system disturbance defines:

A

Transient Stability

217
Q

During an restoration, it is ok to consider all UFLS when it accounts for more than 50 % of dynamic reserve total? True or False

A

False

218
Q

PJM transmission voltage levels include:

A

765kV, 500kV, 345kV, 230kV, 138kV, and 115kV

219
Q

What is the typical concern of operators when restoring transmission lines with little load?

A

High Voltage

220
Q

A 500kV line have 700MW currently flowing on it. What is happening with respect to MVARs?

A

Producing VARs, Below SIL

221
Q

During Restoration, what type of Reserve must be sufficient to allow the system to survive a frequency deviation due to the loss of the largest energy contingency?

A

Dynamic Reserves

222
Q

If an under frequency operation has occurred and manual load shed is needed to arrest the declining frequency, what minimum frequency is the Operator trying to return the frequency to?

A

59.75

223
Q

Generation Dispatchers will suspend regulation on units when what is issued by PJM?

A

Maximum Emergency Generation ACTION

224
Q

Low voltage in an area indicates what?

A

Shortage of VARs

225
Q
  1. PJM may request a Reactive Reserve Check when what is issued?
A

Max Emergency Generation Alert

226
Q

Requests to change facility ratings must be submitted to PJM when?

A

Before the 1st day of the month prior to the month the change needs implemented

227
Q

What frequency would be used to correct for a fast time error?

A

59.98

228
Q

There is currently 925MW on a specific 500Kv line. What is happening regarding Mvar’s?

A

Absorbing VARs, above SIL

229
Q

For maximum support of voltages on the EHV system, PJM may issue:

A

Heavy Load Voltage Schedule

230
Q

ELI is Capacitive or Inductive?

A

ELI, is an inductive system. Voltage (E) leads the Current (I). Inductance = (L) …… ELI… ABOVE SIL

231
Q

ICE is Capacitive or Inductive?

A

ICE, is a capacitive system. Current (I) leads the Voltage (E). Capacitive = (C) …… ICE….. BELOW SIL

232
Q

If real time analysis fails, TO must perform manual readings every______ minutes?

A

20 minutes

233
Q

Contacting PJM prior to removing equipment for an outage?

A

15 minutes prior

234
Q

Contacting PJM prior to returning equipment from an outage?

A

30 minutes prior

235
Q

Transformer adjusts voltage by adjusting the number of?

A

Windings

236
Q

The effect of a system fault on a motor?

A

Diminished Capacity

237
Q

System can withstand oscillations through properly tuned control systems

A

Dynamic Stability

238
Q

Voltage profiles P.U.

A

Normal is .95 PU, Emergency low is .92 PU, load dump is .90 PU.
For 500kV its 1.0, 0.97, and .95 PU

239
Q

RTU Outage. T.O. Must do what?

A

Man Substation, Manually replace missing data (100kV+ bus/line voltages/Currents) every 30 minutes

240
Q

If IROL/SOL exceedance, how long do you have before beginning load shed process?

A

25 Minutes

25 minutes to try to use off-cost/non-cost actions to get below limit, last 5 minutes shed load to return under the limit. PJM default Tv is 30 minutes just like the NERC default.

241
Q

Real time bus prices may be monitored using?

A

eDATA

242
Q

What action is a violation of PJM two settlement market rules?

A

Not bidding an available PJM capacity resource into the day ahead market

243
Q

What factor does NOT influence the load forecast?

A

planned generation outages

244
Q

Station A indicates a transformer differential on A phase, while station B receives a DTT (Direct Transfer Trip) what happened?

A

Transformer Fault at Station A

245
Q

What does the “Generate” and “Add equipment” button do in eDART?

A

“Generate” button adds a tier and “Add equipment” button allows you to add one piece of equipment

246
Q

Power Company is relocating substation equipment starting March 9 and will take 6-9 days to complete. The outage ticket was submitted December 3rd, what is the ticket status?

A

Late

247
Q

An SVC is currently operating at 12 MVAR lagging. The SVC is rated for 30 MVAR leading and 130 MVAR lagging. What can you use for your RRC?

A

118 MVAR

248
Q

Island A has 300 MW of load restored and frequency is 59.9 Hz and island B has 1200 MW of load restored and frequency is 60.1 Hz. You are preparing to sync the two islands together, what must the operator do before syncing the two islands together?

A

Lower the frequency in island B

249
Q

At midnight you have a low voltage situation, what can be done to control it?

A

Operate SVC in the lag

250
Q

What would you report to PJM if communications were down?

A

Change in 100 MW on 500 kV system

251
Q

The 500 kV system is at .96 PU. What flows, if any were violated?

A

Normal and Emergency Low

252
Q

Operating Below SIL does what to the system?

A

Increase Reactive Power

PJM (1 decks)

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