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Endocrinology > Pituitary Physiology > Flashcards

Pituitary Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the origins of the Anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior: Oropharynx ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)
Posterior: Neuroectoderm just below third ventricle

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2
Q

What are activating transcription factors in pituitary development? What happens with inactivating mutations

A

PROP-1: inactivation–> No FSH, LH, PRL, GH, TSH

Pit-1: responsible for somatotropes, lactotropes, thyrotropes

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3
Q

What is function of GH?

A

Stimulates IGF-1 secretion–>Anabolic function

Stimulates lipid/CHO metabolism

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4
Q

What is function of TSH?

A

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones–>regulates thyroid cell proliferation/survival

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5
Q

Function of ACTH?

A

Stimulates synthesis/secretion of corticotropins in adrenal cortex

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6
Q

Function of PRL?

A

milk production, inhibits GnRH (suppressing LH/FSH)

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7
Q

Function of LH?

A

Female: Induces ovulation and progesterone synthesis
Male: gametogenesis, leydig cells, synthesis/secretion of testosterone

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8
Q

Function of FSH?

A

Females: Stimulate estrogen synthesis, promote follicular growth
Males: promoters spermatogenesis

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9
Q

What are the rhythms in endocrinology? Describe them and give example

A

Circadian rhythms: daily pattern; most endocrine functions (i.e cortisol)

Ultradian rhythms: bursts of hormone secretion that can be superimposed on circadian rhythms (i.e gonadotropins)

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10
Q

Describe HPA Axis in relation to corticotropins

A

Hypothalamus secretes Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
CRH stimulates ACTH produciton in Anterior pituitary
ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion in adrenal gland

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11
Q

What are extra-adrenal actions of ACTH? (2)

A

Stimulate lipolysis and increase skin pigmentation

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12
Q

What are stimuli for ACTH? (6)

A

CRH, stress, hypoglycemia, anxiety, depression, a/ß-adrenergic agonists

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13
Q

Explain pattern of ACTH Release: Circadian? Ultradian?

A

Diurnal pattern: peaks just before awakening

Also has pulsatility

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14
Q

Describe the HPA Axis for GH

A

Hypothalamus secretes GHRH (stimulatory) OR somatostatin (inhibitory factors)
Anterior pituitary secretes GH
Liver secretes IGF1, which provides negative feedback

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15
Q

GHRH: Function

A

Stimulatory factor for somatotropes

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16
Q

GHRH: What is stimulated by? (3) What inhibits it (2)

A

Stimulated by: hypoglycemia, dietary protein, exercise

Inhibited by: IGF-1, GH

17
Q

What is function of Somatostatin?

A

Inhibits GH, TSH, PRL, glucagon, insulin

18
Q

What are FDA analogs of Somatostatin? (2)

A

Octreotide and lantreotide

19
Q

Describe HPA Axis for PRL

A

Hypothalamus secretes prolactin releasing factor (PRF) OR inhibitory dopamine
Anterior Pituitary secretes PRL (neg feedback hypothalamus)
Prolactin stimulates milk production

20
Q

What are stimulating factors for PRL? (6)

What are inhibiting factors?

A

Stimulators: breast stimulation, stress, estrogen, sleep, dopamine antagonists, TRH

Inhibitors: DA, DA agonists

21
Q

What is effect of prolactin on LH/FSH secretion?

A

It negatively regulates HPG axis–>Decreases secretion of LH/FSH

22
Q

Describe HPG Axis

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH (pulsatility/frequency important)
Pituitary secretes FSH/LH (pulsatile)
Ovary/Testis stimulated and weird things going on in terms of feedback (i.e low vs. high estrogen)

23
Q

LH Function

A

Males: stimulate testosterone synthesis
Females: induces ovulation, stimulates progesterone synthesis

24
Q

FSH Function

A

Male: facilitates sperm production
Female: Stimulates estrogen synthesis, promotes follicular growth

25
Q

Describe Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis

A

Hypothalamus stimulates TRH (stimulatory) or Somatostatin (inhibitory)
Ant Pituitary secretes TSH
Thyroid stimulation increases T4/T3 output (provides negative feedback via TRH receptors on pituitary)

26
Q

In which axis is hypothalamic regulation primarily inhibitory?

A

Prolactin

27
Q

Which are important inhibitory hypothalamic factors (2)

A

Somatostatin, Dopamine

28
Q

In which axis is there positive feedback?

A

In HPG axis with ovulation

Endocrinology (26 decks)

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