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A&P II Quiz 2 > Pituitary Lecture > Flashcards

Pituitary Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Hypophysis
Lies in bony cavity at the base of the brain (sella turcica- protection)
Connected to the hypothalamus by the hypophysial stalk
Consists of anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) separated by the pars intermedia

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2
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropin
Prolactin
Luteinizing Hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
- Regulated by the "releasing and inhibiting hormones" from the hypothalamus
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3
Q

Growth hormone

A

Increases both size and number of cells
Secreted by somatotropes
Stimulates lipolysis
Inhibits action of insulin on carbs and lipid metabolism
- Stimulates fat catabolism, glucose conservation and increases protein deposition

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4
Q

TSH

A

Stimulates the thyroid to produce T3/T4
Secreted by thyrotropis
Maintains size of follicular cells

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5
Q

Adrenocorticotropin

A

Acts on adrenal cortex to release its hormones
Secreted by corticotropes
- Stimulates production of glucocorticoids and androgens by the adrenal cortex
- Maintains size of zonas in the cortex

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6
Q

Prolactin

A

Acts on mamary gland to start producing milk
Secreted by lactotropes
Milk production and secretion and mammary gland development

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7
Q

LH and FSH

A

Gonadotropic hormones
Secreted by gonadotropes
FSH: stimulates development of follicles and regulates spermatogenesis in the testes
LH: Causes ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, production of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone, and controls growth of ovaries and testes

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8
Q

Naming

A

___ic hormone or ____in

Secretory cells: name of hormone + trope (means cell)

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9
Q

Control of Anterior Pituitary Secretion by Hypothalamus

A

Neurons synthesize and secrete hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
Collected by the capillary bed in the median eminence of the hypothalamus
Transported to anterior pituitary via hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels
Bind to receptors on cells differentiated to secrete or inhibit secretion of the hormone

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10
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A

Stimulates TSH by thyrotropes

- Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis

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11
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

A

Stimulates secretion of ACTH by adrenocorticotropin by corticotropes

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12
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

A

Stimulates secretion of growth hormone by somatotropes

- GH Inhibiting hormone inhibits release of growth hormone

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13
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH by gonadotropes

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14
Q

Prolactin inhibiting hormone

A

Inhibits secretion of prolactin by lactotropes

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15
Q

Function of Growth Hormone

A

Promotes increased size of cells, increased mitosis, overall growth of the body

  • Stimulates cartilage and bone growth –> increase in the growth of the skeletal frame
  • Causes liver to form somatomedins
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16
Q

Growth of skeletal frame?

A

Osteoblast deposit new bone, osteoclast remove old bond
- GH stimulates osteoblast
Bones become thicker throughout life under the influence of GH
Long bones grow in length at the epiphyseal cartilage

17
Q

Long bone growth?

A

Increased deposition of protein by the chondrocytic and osteogenic cells that cause bone growth
Increased rate of division/mitosis of these cells
Converts chondrocytes into osteogenic cells, causing deposition of new bond

18
Q

Somatomedin C

A

Bone growth

    • Prolonged duration of action: GH is weakly bound to plasma proteins (20 min half life) or strongly bound ( 20 hr halflife)
    • Direct agent of the indirect GH
19
Q

Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormones

A

Promotes protein deposition in tissues (promotes synthesis and reduces degradation)
Enhances fat utilization for energy ( increase lean body mass; ketogenic effect: large amounts of acetoacetic acid formed by liver –> ketosis –> fatty liver)
Decreases carb utilization
— Enhances body protein, uses up fat stores and conserves carbs

20
Q

Decreased carb utilization?

A

Decrease glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and fat
Increase production by liver and increased insulin secretion
Diabetogenic effect: GH induced “insulin resistance”

21
Q

Diabetogenic effect: GH induced “insulin resistance”?

A

Attenuates insulins action to stimulate uptake and utilization of glucose
Attenuates insulins ability to inhibit gluconeogensis
Leads to increased blood glucose concentration and increase in insulin secretion

22
Q

Regulation of GH secretion

A

Pulsatile pattern
Normal: 1.6-3 ng/ml
Increase concentration when starving, hypoglycemia, exercise, excitement and trauma
Hypoglycemia and protein deficiency are potent simulators of GH

23
Q

Regulation of GH Secretion

A

Hypothalamus secretes 2 factors to control growth hormone release

  • GH- releasing hormone and GH- inhibitory hormone
  • Also subject to negative feeback
24
Q

Dwarfism

A

Deficiency in growth hormone during childhood

If detected early, can be treated

25
Q

Gigantism

A

Excessive GH released due to anterior pituitary tumor in childhood
Associated with hyperglycemia –> 10% develope diabetes mellitus
Treatment: removal of tumor or irradiation of gland

26
Q

Acromegaly

A

Caused by anterior pituitary tumor after adulthood

  • Bones become thicker and soft tissues continue to grow
  • Protrusion of lower jaw, forward slanting forehead, enlarged hands and fee and nose, hunched back
  • Enlarged tongue, liver and kidneys
  • No increase in height
27
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Cell bodies (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) in the hypothalamus synthesize hormones

  • Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) - supra
  • Oxytocin hormone - para
    • transported to nerve endings for release
28
Q

Function of ADH

A

Minute amounts cause decreased excretion of water by kidneys –> concentrated urine, increased permeability of collecting ducts, conserve water

  • Release stimulated by: osmotic regulation - high concentration of electrolytes
  • Dilute body fluids inhibit
  • Mediated by osmoreceptors in the brain (swell = ADH off, shrink = ADH on)
29
Q

High concentration of ADH

A

Constrict arterioles throughout the body –> increase aterial pressure
- Decreased blood volume : decreased excitation of stretch receptors in atria end of baroreceptors

30
Q

Oxytocin

A

Causes contraction of the unterus during labor: stimulates cervix –> secretes oxytocin –> contractions
Aids in milk ejection: releases stimulated by suckling –> secrete oxytocin –> contraction of myoepithelial cells –> milk from alveoli to ducts —> milk let down (milk ejection)

A&P II Quiz 2 (3 decks)

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