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ER Week 1 > Pituitary Histology > Flashcards

Pituitary Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

Are there ducts in the endocrine system?

A

no

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2
Q

If vascularizaiton rich or poor in the endocrine system?

A

rich - so the hormones can get into the blood

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3
Q

The cells of the endocrine system are derived from what?

A

epithelium

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4
Q

What is necessary for a hormone to enact it’s function?

A

there needs to be the right receptor on the target cell

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5
Q

What are the endocrine glands that secrete amino acid-derivative hormones?

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic islets

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6
Q

What germ layers do these glands develop from?

A

endocerm or ectoderm

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7
Q

What glands will secrete steroid hormones?

A

gonads and adrenal cortex

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8
Q

What germ layer do the gonads and adrenal cortex derive from?

A

mesoderm

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9
Q

What organelle will be particularly prominent in the glands that secrete steroids (the gonads and adrenal cortex)?

A

SER

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10
Q

How does the location of the target receptors differ between the amino acid hormones and steroid hormones?

A

amino acid hormones have receptors on the cell surface

steroids have receptor in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What tissues of the enrocine system have discrete glands?

A 
pituitary
pineal
thyroid
parathyroids
adrenals
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12
Q

What tissues of the endocrine system have both endocrine and exocrine function?

A

kidney, pancreas, gonads, placenta

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13
Q

What are the individual cells throughout the GI tract that are involved in the endocrine system?

A

DNES cells

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14
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary?

A

adenohypophysis

neurohypophysis

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15
Q

How is the adenohypophysis derived?

A

from oral ectoderm

rathke’s pouch grows up from the roof ot he mouth to join the neurohypophysis

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16
Q

How is the neurohypophysis derived?

A

it’s neural ectoderm growing down off the diencephalon

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17
Q

What are the three parts of the adenohypophysis?

A 
Pars tuberalis
Pars distalis (makes up most of the pituitary gland)
pars intermedia
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18
Q

What are the two parts of the neurohypophysis?

A

pars nervosa

infundibulum (neural stalk)

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19
Q

What system of blood vessels will deliver neurosecretory hormones from the primary capillary plexus of the median eminence to the secondary capillary plexus of the pars distalis?

A

the hypophyseal portal system of veins

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20
Q

Describe the parenchyma of the pars disatlis.

A

it’s anastomosin cords of cells with sinusoidal capillaries in between

some glassy-looking colloid

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21
Q

What are the two general cell types within the pars distalis. Exaplain the difference….

A

chromophobes (don’t take up stain)
Chromphils (take up stain) (about 50%)

note that the chromophobes are probably just chromophils that have lost their granules (about 50%)

22
Q

What are the two types of chromophils? Which is more prevalent?

A

Acidophils (most prevalent)

basophils

23
Q

What color do the acidophils stain?

A

red

24
Q

What are the two kinds of acidophils?

A

somatotrophs

mammotrophs

25
Q

What do the somatotrophs secrete?

A

growth hormone (or somatotropin)

26
Q

What do the mammotrophs secrete?

A

prolactin

so increase in number during pregnancy and lactation

27
Q

What are the three types of basophils?

A

thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
corticotrophs

28
Q

What do the thyrotrophs secrete?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

29
Q

What do the gonadotrophs secrete?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing hormone (LH in females and interstitial stimulating homrone (ICSH) in males

30
Q

In the gonadotrophs, are the FSH and LH stored in the same secretory vesicles or different ones?

A

same ones

31
Q

What do corticotrophs secrete?

A

two things…
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

32
Q

True or false: the pars intermedia is well-developed in humans

A

false - it’s rudimentary

33
Q

Are the pars intermedia cells weakly basophilic or acidophilic?

A

basophilic

34
Q

What do they produce?

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)

35
Q

There are cysts within the pars intermedia - what are they derived from?

A

they are remnant of Rathke’s pouch

follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium and filled with colloid

36
Q

Why is the pars tuberalis such a highly vascularized area?

A

the superior hypophyseal arteries terminate here to form the primary plexus of portal veins

37
Q

The cells of the pars tuberalis are basophilic and contain what hormones?

A

FSH and LH

38
Q

What is the pars nervosa largely composed of?

A

about 100,000 secretory nerve cells

39
Q

Are these secretory nerve cells myelinated?

A

no

40
Q

Where are the cell bodies of these secretory nerve cells?

A

in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

41
Q

What is this tract of nerves called?

A

the hypothalamic-hypophyseal stalk

42
Q

THe pars nervosa has neurosecreotry vesicles synthesized in the cell bodies. What do they contain?

A

oxytocin or vasopressin
ATP
neurophysins

43
Q

What are neurophysins?

A

specific binding proteins for oxytocin and vasopressin

44
Q

Where do these neurosecretory vesicles accumulate?

A

herring bodies, which are dilated terminals adjacent to capillaries

45
Q

What are the supportive cells found throughout the neural lobe (most similar to astrocytes)?

A

pituicytes

they are the nuclei that you can see in the pars nervosa

46
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei has cell bodies where most oxytocin is held?

A

the paraventricular

47
Q

WHat will trigger secretion of oxytocin?

A

suckling (milk ejection reflex)

48
Q

What does oxytocin cause?

A

contraction of the myoepthelial cells surorunding the alveoli and alveolar ducts of the mammary glands

also stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction

49
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus mainly has the vasopressin?

A

the supraoptic nucleus

50
Q

What does vasopressin (ADH) do?

A

increases permeability of distal convoluted and collecting tubules to water to increase resorption and concentrate urine

51
Q

What will stimualte ADH secretion?

A

increased plasma osmolality

decreased blood volume

ER Week 1 (11 decks)

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