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Physiology 3 Endocrine > Pituitary and Growth > Flashcards

Pituitary and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Match system with correct description

(Nervous/Endocrine)

  1. slower responding system, influences all cells through hormones
  2. faster responding system, regulates muscle/secretory cell activities via nerve impulses and NTs
A
  1. Endocrine

2. Nervous

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2
Q

What is another word for pituitary?

A

hypophysis

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3
Q

The pituitary gland lies in a pocket of bone called _______ at the base of the brain, just below the _______. It is connected by a stalk containing vessels and nerves.

A

sella turcica

hypothalamus

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4
Q

The posterior pituitary lobe aka ______ secretes two hormones ____ and ______. They are actually made in the _____ but stored in the _______.

A

neurohypophysis
oxytocin (OCT) and ADH
hypothalamus
posterior pituitary

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5
Q

The anterior pituitary lobe aka _____ secretes ____ (#) hormones: name them all.

A

adenohypophysis
6

GH
Prolactin
ACTH (POMC)
Beta-LPH (POMC)
FSH
LH
TSH
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6
Q

The pituitary gland develops embryonically from 2 different _____ regions, the floor of the ___ and the roof of the _____.

The floor of the “” in the hypothalamus develops into the ______ which then extends towards the brain from pituitary, ____, _____, _____, then brain. The roof of the “” loses its connection with the ____ and becomes the ________.

A

ectodermal
brain
mouth

neurohypophysis
pars nervosa –> infundibulum –> median eminance

mouth
adenohypophysis

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7
Q

in the neurohypophysis, cell bodies in hypothalamic axons terminate at the capillary plexus supplied by what artery?

A

inferior hypophyseal artery

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8
Q

in the neurohypophysis, peptide hormones in cell bodies of hypothalamus travel as what? to nerve terminals in posterior pituitary

A

neurosecretory granules

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9
Q

How do neurosecretory granules enter peripheral circulation in posterior pituitary?

A

through the capillary plexus

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10
Q

T/F: the neurohypophysis has no direct artery supply

A

FALSE - inferior hypophyseal artery

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11
Q

In the adenohypophysis, stimuli are blood-borne and stimulating/inhibiting hormones travel and are stored where? near a capillary plexus supplied by what?

A

median eminance

superior hypophyseal artery

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12
Q

in the adenohypophysis, hormones enter capillary plexus and travel down what circulation?

after exiting the second capillary plexus, they reach specific endocrine targets that secrete what?

A

portal veins

tropic hormones

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13
Q

T/F: OCT and ADH are formed and secreted from endocrine cells

A

FALSO - nerve cells in hypothalamus –> stored in neurohypophysis

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14
Q

OCT and ADH are synthesized as apart of pre-pro-hormones which include a characteristic _____ (function unknown)

A

neurophysin

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15
Q

T/F: adenohypophysis has no direct arterial supply but receives blood from veins

A

TRUE

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16
Q

T/F: adenohypophysis supplied by veins that first drain neural tissue in the median eminance

A

TRUE

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17
Q

what is the primary function/goal of ADH?

what are the target cells of ADH?

A

water reabsorption/retention

renal collecting ducts

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18
Q

lack of ADH leads to ______

A

diabetes insipidus (hypermicturition)

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19
Q

drinking 5 gallons of water will (increase/decrease) ADH secretion in the body and (increase/decrease) water clearance

A

decrease

increase

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20
Q

what is the primary function/goal of OCT?
Major stimulus?
how is it used clinically?
describe change in OCT levels during labor?

A

smooth muscle contraction of uterus during parturition (labor)

cervix dilation during labor (positive feedback)

induce labor/control postpartum hemorrhage

OCT low in beginning and increase as labor progresses

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21
Q

T/F: OCT initiates labor by contracting uterine smooth muscle walls

A

FALSE - OCT not responsible for initiating labor

stimulated by cervix dilation during labor (already started)

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22
Q

what hormone is most abundant of the pituitary hormones?

A

growth hormone (adenohypophysis)

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23
Q

somatotropes account for ____% of total # of pituitary cells

A

40-50%

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24
Q

GH induces the secretion of ____ and ______ which circulate bound to a protein complex

A

IGF-1 and somatomedins

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25
Q

describe the GH short term and long term effects on the body

A

short term - insulinlike effect, growth promoting on muscle and skeleton

long term - inhibits lipid, aa, carbohydrate metabolism

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26
Q

what 2 hormones may stimulate somatomedin secretion in liver?

A

insulin and prolactin

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27
Q

T/F: GH regulates secondary endocrine organ

A

FALSE - GH and prolactin do not regulate secondary endocrine organs

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28
Q

T/F: GH receptors exist in adrenal cortex

A

TRUE

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29
Q

prolactin is a ____ polypeptide and secretion is under tonic inhibitory control by _____.

A

single chain

dopamine

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30
Q

what stimuli high levels are associated with increased prolactin?

A 
stress
exercise
estrogen (prolactin inhibits GnRH so decrease FSH/LH sex hormones)
suckling
pregnancy
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31
Q

prolactin levels increase with sleep but there is no ______.

A

circadian rhythm

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32
Q

prolactin in normal levels, induces synthesis of ___ and ____ in mammary glands and _____ with the help of estrogen. However, excess prolactin secretion may lead to ______ (milk discharge from nipple), _______, and ______. prolactin deficiency leads to _______

A

casein
lactalbumin
breast development

galactorrhea
ovulation
inhibtion of GnRH

failure to lactate

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33
Q

POMC is a prohormone that produces ____ and _____ after proteolytic cleavage.

A

ACTH and Beta- lipotropin (B-LPH)

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34
Q

what does the carboxyl and amino terminal of POMC become after proteolytic cleavage?

A

carboxyl - becomes B-LPH

amino - no known function but contains y-MSH which may modulate adrenal cortical synthesis of mineralcorticoids

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35
Q

T/F: ACTH had a circadian rhythm

A

TRUE

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36
Q

T/F: prolactin and ACTH have circadian rhythms

A

FALSE - prolactin does NOT, only ACTH does

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37
Q

T/F: CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) stimulates ACTH secretion

A

TRUE

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38
Q

what are 4 things that stimulate ACTH release?

A

hypoglycemia
stress
pyrogens (bacteria causing illness, decrease immunity)
low glucocorticoid levels

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39
Q

what is the most important human pigmentary hormone?

A

ACTH

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40
Q

T/F: both ACTH and B-LPH induce pigmentation

A

TRUE

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41
Q

what hormone has activity indistinguishable from LH?

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

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42
Q

hCG is a ______ glycoprotein hormone

A

placental

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43
Q

FSH, LH, TSH are glycoprotein hormones with common ____ structure but dissimilar subunits, alpha and beta. the alpha subunits have essentially the same _____ but differ in their degrees of _____. the beta subunits are responsible for biologic and immunologic ____ of hormones. the plasma half life is ______.

A 
quaternary
amino acid sequence 
glycosylation 
specificities 
30min-2hr
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44
Q

what are the different half lives of FSH/LH/TSH glycoprotein hormones, hCG, and alpha/beta subunits alone

A

FSH/LH/TSH: 30min-2hr
hCG: 24-30hrs
subunits: 10-30min

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45
Q

T/F: glycoprotein hormone subunits alpha and beta ALONE have intrinsic biological activity

A

FALSE - their half life is too short (10-30min)

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46
Q

what causes atrophy of all target endocrine organs?

A

hypophysectomy

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47
Q

What higher center controls the pituitary gland?

A

CNS

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48
Q

hypothalamic neurons terminate in the ______ and neural stalk

A

median eminance

49
Q

the hypothalamus influences the pituitary through blood-borne factors called _______.

are they inhibitory/stimulatory/both?

if hormones are affected by more than one of these, the pituitary response depends upon what?

A

hypothalamic releasing hormones/factors

both

relative amount of opposing hormones

50
Q

what are the 6 hypothalamic releasing hormones?
give their function

ex. x +/- y –> z

A

GnRH + FSHLH –> sex hormone secretion (both genders)
GHRH + GH –> tissue growth
Somatostatin (SS) - GH –> no tissue growth
TRH + TSH –> thyroid/metabolism
DA (PIF) - prolactin –> no breast development/lactation
CRH + ACTH –> cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex

51
Q

GnRH is a __-peptide. It is concentrated in the ______. it stimulates pituitary synthesis and secretion of ___ and ____. response to GnRH is modulated by _____. high levels of GnRH block ________. GnRH binds to specific plasma membrane receptors and activates _____.

A 
decapeptide
medial basal hypothalamic nuclei
FSH and LH
sex steroids
gonadal steroidogenesis
phospholipase C
52
Q

GHRH is a large peptide that stimulates ____ release from pituitary directly and was initially isolated from a ______

A

GH

human pancreatic tumor

53
Q

SS is a ______-peptide which inhibits the release of _____ from normal pituitary and from x-secreting tumors. It is also released from ______

A

tetra-deca-peptide
GH
D cells of Langerhans Islets

54
Q

TRH is a ___-peptide that stimulates pituitary synthesis and secretion of ___ and ____. the response decreases with age in (men/women). TRH binds specific plasma membrane receptors in pituitary thryotropes and activates _____.

A

tripeptide
TSH and prolactin
men
phospholipase C

55
Q

what two hypothalamic releasing hormones binds to specific plasma membrane receptors and activates phospholipase C?

A

GnRH and TRH

56
Q

where is TRH concentration the greatest?

A

in the hypothalamus

57
Q

PIF aka ____ tonically inhibits the secretion of _____.

why is prolactin unique in terms of severing the vascular connection b/w hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

dopamine
prolactin

if the vascular connection between pituitary and hypothalamus is interrupted, prolactin secretions are INCREASED

58
Q

T/F: obstructing the portal vasculature to pituitary leads to decreased prolactin secretions

A

FALSE - prolactin secretion is increased if vascular connection is severed

59
Q

CRH is a large polypeptide that stimulates _____. There may be more than one hypothalamic factor that stimulates ACTH release. _____ may stimulate ACTH via CRH

A

ACTH

vasopressin

60
Q

what two types of controls regulate hypothalamic releasing neurons?

A

hormonal and neuronal

61
Q

what is long-loop negative feedback? give an example

A

hormone 3 influences hypothalamus and pituitary directly to inhibit hormone 1’s release and the hypothalamus hormone 1 production

ex. in high levels of cortisol (hormone 3), inhibits hypothalamus secretion of CRH (hormone 1) and pituitary secretion of ACTH (hormone 2) –> reduces cortisol in negative feedback

62
Q

what is short-loop feedback? give an example

A

no hormone 3 produced so hormone two negative feedbacks on itself to suppress its own production

ex. prolactin and GH have no secondary endocrine organ, so they negative feedback and suppress their own production

63
Q

what are the 3 sites of hormone production?

what do these sites need for hormone responses on the target tissues?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
endocrine/target gland

hormone-specific receptors

64
Q

what are the 3 main categories of endocrine disorders?

A

hyposecretion
hypersecretion
hyporesponsiveness of target cells

65
Q

difference between primary and secondary hyposecretion?

A

primary - endocrine target gland secretes too little hormone, not functioning normally

ex. decreased cortisol secretion by adrenal gland due to decreased thyroid hormone secretion
ex. decreased secretion of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland due to lack of iodine

secondary - endocrine target gland may be fine but the tropic hormone (pituitary) is too low
ex. decreased TH secretion low so TSH secretion by pituitary is low

66
Q

difference between primary and secondary hypersecretion?

A

primary - dysfunctional gland secreting too much hormone, mostly likely due to a tumor
ex. hypersecretion of TH due to thyroid gland tumor

secondary - hyper stimulation by tropic hormone
ex. in cushing’s disease, hypersecretion of ACTH due to a tumor of corticotropes

67
Q

what is hyporesponsiveness and what are the 3 major causes?

A

target cells don’t respond to hormone

  1. lack or deficiency of hormone receptors
    ex. type 2 diabetes: deficiency in insulin receptors
  2. post-receptor defect in target cells
    ex. normal receptor activity but inability to activate secondary messengers like cAMP or open ion channel
  3. lack of metabolic activation of hormone
    ex. enzyme that converts inactive hormone –> active hormone is missing so hormone secreted stays inactive = no response to hormone
68
Q

T/F: in hyporesponsiveness, plasma hormone concentration if normal/elevated but response to administered hormone is low

A

TRUE

69
Q

T/F: in hyporesponsiveness, plasma hormone concentration if depressed but response to administered hormone is high

A

FALSE - opposite

high plasma hormone concentration because can’t uptake with defective receptors or what not, response will be low

70
Q

T/F: hypophysectomy in animals was proven fatal

A

FALSE - not deadly

71
Q

what is the most dramatic effect of hypophysectomy?

A

inhibited growth of experimented subject

72
Q

Match the hypothalamic hormone with the proteins/cells producing pituitary hormones with adenohypophysis hormones

GHRH
Dopamine
GnRH
CRH
TRH
SS
thyrotropes
lactotropes
somatotropes
corticotropes
gonadotropes
ACTH
TSH
GH
prolactin
FSH/LH
A

GnRH - gonadotropes - FSH/LH

GHRH - somatotropes - GH

SS - somatotropes - GH

CRH - corticotropes - ACTh

Dopamine (PIF) - lactotropes - prolactin

TRH - thyrotropes - TSH

73
Q

what is the single most important hormone for postnatal growth?

A

GH

74
Q

what are the 4 functions/effects of GH?

A

promotes bone lengthening - stimulates maturation/mitosis of chondrocytes

promotes protein synthesis - increases aa uptake, tissue enlargement

stimulates gluconeogenesis - increases hepatic glucose output and inhibits glucose uptake (anti-insulin)

stimulates lipolysis - increases fat metabolism

75
Q

GH secretes 2 chemical messengers ____ and _____

A

IFG1/2 and somatomedin C

76
Q

out of IGFI and IGFII, _____ appears to be the most important mediator of GH actions. _____ may be involved during fetal development. GH acts on liver and secretes ____ into blood and locally.

plasma concentrations of _____ reflect GH availability/rate of growth. Children/adults with GH receptor defect will have (high/low) plasma concentrations of IGFI despite (high/low) concentrations of GH. However, after IGF1 administration, growth is (restored/increased but not restored)

A

IGF I
IGF II
IGF I

IGF I
low
high
restored

77
Q

The IGF receptor have _____ activity

A

tyrosine kinase

78
Q

T/F: IGF-I in circulation stimulates cell division and bone growth

A

FALSE - IGF I acts locally in a paracrine/autocrine manner to stimulate cell division and bone growth and IGF in circulation plays only a minor role, if any, in stimulating growth

79
Q

Where is the main source of IGF I in blood?

A

liver

80
Q

both IGF I and II are present in blood at relatively ___ concentrations throughout life and circulate via _______. They do not escape from vasculature and half lives in blood is around ____ hours

A

high
binding proteins
15 hours

81
Q

T/F: GH is secreted constantly throughout the day

A

FALSE - in episodic bursts

82
Q

GH secretion is largest when associated with ___. males will secrete most of their GH during _____ in a process called _____ whereas females secrete more GH during the ____. GH secretion is most active during _____ (in the lifetime) but persists throughout life. changes in GH secretion with age reflect changes in ____ of secretory pulses.

A

early hours of sleep
sleep (night)
deep slow wave sleep
day

adolescent growth spurt
magnitude

83
Q

how does quality of sleep in elderly affect their decreasing lean body mass?

A

decreasing quality of sleep in elderly –> decrease GH secretions –> loss of bone/muscle growth –> leaner body mass

84
Q

What hormone provides the primary drive for GH synthesis?

A

GHRH

85
Q

T/F: SS inhibits GH secretion by blocking GH synthesis

A

FALSE - SS reduces or blocks GH secretion in response to GHRH but has little influence on GH synthesis

86
Q

What 2 types of mechanisms regulate GH secretion?

A

classical long loop and short loop negative feedback

87
Q

____ appears to be the result of intermittent secretion of both GHRH and SS.

A

pulsatility

88
Q

how does IGF-I inhibit GH secretion?

A

by inhibiting GHRH –> no GH synthesis

89
Q

receptors for GHRH, SS, IGF-I are all present on the surface of _____ and control the level of ____ which mediates GH synthesis and secretion

A

somatotropes

cAMP

90
Q

what happens to children with a deficiency in thyroid hormones?

A

linear growth is stunted

91
Q

what is the results of treating hypothyroid children with thyroid hormone?

How does the results change if there is no GH?

A

rapid growth and maturation of bone

very little linear growth-promoting effect

92
Q

T/F: failure to grow in thyroid deficient people is due to decrease in GH receptors# on somatotropes and synthesis

A

TRUE

93
Q

During fetal growth, (hormone) _____ serves as the growth-promoting hormone, NOT ____ or ____. locally produced IGF-II determines ______ mass which is the predominant IGF in fetal development.

A

insulin
NOT GH or thyroid hormone
pancreatic cell mass

94
Q

insulin is closely related to IGFI and II and can activate ____ receptors.

A

IGF-I

95
Q

T/F: insulin can sustain a normal rate of growth without GH

A

FALSE - GH is needed

96
Q

T/F: insulin is circulated in blood via plasma-binding proteins

A

FALSE - IGF I&II but not insulin

97
Q

Match the IGF with the major physiological role

IGF 1
IGF 2

growth during fetal development
skeletal and cartilage growth

A

IGF1 - skeletal and cartilage growth

IGF2 - growth during fetal development

98
Q

what is the source of IGF-1?

A

liver

99
Q

where is insulin made?

A

pancreatic beta cells

100
Q

T/F: onset of sexual maturation is accompanied by dramatic growth acceleration

A

TRUE

101
Q

how does gonadal steroid hormones affect height?

A

promote linear growth BUT accelerate closing of epiphyses (stop growth)

hypogonadal –> super tall

102
Q

T/F: IGF and GH levels are highest during puberty

A

TRUE

103
Q

_____ rather than androgens are responsible for pubertal growth acceleration and epiphyseal plate maturation

A

estrogens

104
Q

___ are the precursors of estrogens and are converted to estrogens by enzyme ______ in gonadal and peripheral tissues. children lacking this enzyme (do/do not) experience growth during puberty despite high levels of androgens

A

androgens
aromatase
do not

105
Q

T/F: estrogens decreases in the plasma in both girls and boys early in puberty

A

FALSE - increases

106
Q

T/F: estrogens increases in the plasma in both girls and boys late in puberty

A

FALSE - early puberty

107
Q

pygmies with the genetic inability to produce _____ have normal GH and ____ levels before puberty, but there is no ____ increase at time of puberty

A

IGF I
IGF I
IGF I

108
Q

glucocorticoids are required for ____ of GH and normal growth. excess GC (increase/decrease) GH secretion and also (antagonize/agonize) the effect of GH.

A

synthesis
decreases
antagonizes

109
Q

T/F: IGF and insulin are present in fetal pre-natally

A

TRUE

110
Q

T/F: GH and T3 are present in fetal pre-natally

A

FALSE - they appear starting birth

111
Q

b/w two things were correlated to influence a child’s potential height?

A

mid parental heigh (MPH) and child’s height

112
Q

T/F: heritable patterns in height are sex-specific

A

TRUE

113
Q

GH hypersecretion is caused by a pituitary ___. before puberty, it causes ____ since GH promotes ____. after puberty, it causes ____ (bone thickening), hand/feet enlargement, increased body hair and glucose (tolerance/intolerance). Excess GH can be treated with _____ analogs (ex. ____) which inhibit GH secretion

A 
tumor
gigantism
bone lengthening
acromegaly
intolerance
SS
octreotide
114
Q

GH deficiency results in failure to ____, short stature, mild obesity, and delayed ___. caused by lack of _____, lack of GHRH, failure to generate ___ in liver or GH receptor deficiency. However, regardless of plasma GH, optimal height will be attained only if children are _____.

A 
grow
puberty
somatotropes
IGF
properly nourished
115
Q

hypophysectomy causes target gland atrophy in what glands?

A

adrenal
thyroid
gonads

116
Q

T/F: acromegaly is the elongation of long bones

A

FALSE - THICKENING of long bones, width NOT length! you don’t grow

117
Q

what intravenous fluid would you administer to an unconscious individual with diabetes insipidus? why?

A

isotonic dextrose

with extreme urination due to lack of ADH, the patient is in diuresis and has hyperosmolality (pee pure water and retain all the ions) –> hypernatremia (high salt). giving patient NaCL isotonic or hypertonic will just increase sodium intake of cells and further create chaos. dextrose is easily metabolized in body so body gets and keeps the free water (isotonic) while the dextrose is metabolized and does not increase osmolality

118
Q

what is diabetes insipidus?

A

intense urination and extreme thirst due to lack of ADH

119
Q

T/F: in removal of adenohypophysis, sex cycle stops

A

TRUE

Physiology 3 Endocrine (9 decks)

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