Pituitary and Adrenal Ch 65 Flashcards
What will you want to protect a patient with Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) deficiency from?
Dehydration
Organs of the Endocrine System
Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Pancreas (islets of Langerhans), Adrenal glands, and Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)
Definition of hormones
Natural chemicals that exert their effects on specific tissues known as target tissues.
Disorders of the endocrine system are typically related to
An excess of a specific hormone
A deficiency of a specific hormone
A receptor defect
Hormone synthesis typically occurs in what type of feedback system
A negative feedback system, so if the body is deficient in a something a hormone is then released to correct the deficiency and once the deficiency is corrected the hormone is no longer synthesized.
List the steps to hormone secretion.
- The CNS receives and reacts to a sensory input by transmitting to the hypothalamus a stimuli.
- The hypothalamus responds to stimulus by producing and releasing either a releasing or inhibiting factor to the pituitary gland.
- In the pituitary gland, the releasing or inhibiting factors either stimulate or inhibit the release of specific hormones.
- The anterior pituitary hormones then direct the secretion of hormones in other endocrine glands. The target tissues then receive the hormones and react to them. This results in a change in function.
Define Tropic Hormones
Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.
Where do corticosteroids originate from?
The cortex of adrenal glands
What is the major mineralcorticoid that maintains extracellular volume?
Aldosterone
What does Aldosterone do?
It promotes sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidney tubules.
Aldosterone is regulated by what system?
The Renin-Angiotensin System
How does Aldosterone work?
It causes the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water to bring the plasma volume and osmolarity back to normal. It also enhances kidney excretion of potassium.
The main gluccocorticoid produced in the adrenal cortex
Cortisol
What does cortisol affect?
- Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- Body’s response to stress
- Emotional stability
- Immune function
What are the two main layer of the adrenal gland?
Medulla (innermost)
Cortex (outer)
Hormones secreted by Posterior Pituitary Gland
Vasopressin (aka Antidiuretic Hormone ADH) and Oxytocin
Manifestations of Growth Hormone Deficiency
Decreased bone density
Pathologic Fractures
Decreased muscle strength
Increased serum cholesterol levels
Manifestations of Gonadotropin Deficiency in Women
Amenorrhea Anovulation Low estrogen levels Breast atrophy Loss of bone density Decreased axillary and pubic hair Decreased libido
Manifestations of Gonadotropin Deficiency in Men
Decreased facial hair Decreased ejaculate volume Reduced muscle mass Loss of bone density Decreased body hair Decreased libido Impotence
Manifestations of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) deficiency
Decrease in thyroid hormone levels Weight gain Intolerance to cold Scalp alopecia Hirsutism Menstrual abnormalities Decreased libido Slowed cognition Lethargy
Manifestations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency
Decreased serum cortisol levels Pale, sallow complexion Malaise and lethargy Anorexia Postural hypotension Headache Hypoglycemia Hyponatremia Decreased axillary and pubic hair (women)
Manifestations of Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone [ADH]) deficiency
With Diabetes Insipidus:
- greatly increased urine output
- low urine specific gravity (<1.005)
- hypovolemia: hypotension and dehydration
- increased plasma osmplarity
- increased thirst
- output does not decrease when fluid intake decreases
